1. (i) – (i)

ñít      `seven'             ñít                `knife'

     yí       `tongue'            yi                 `no(t)'

     Əcip   `top'                 Əcik            `length'

              (last point)

     sím     `grip'                sim              `attack'

              (hold firmly)

     sìti      `letter'              siko             `female'

     hít      `tear'                hit                `tight'

              (paper)                                (very)

     ñíp     `sink'                nip               `fold'

              (things)            

2.  (i) – (e)

     ì         `blood'             è                 `say'

     cín     `century'           cèn              `lean, wear'         

                                                         (become wornout)

     hít      `tear'                hem             `hymn'

              (paper)

     ñì       `laugh'              ñè                `rob'

     si       `sleep'              se                `potato'

     yí       `tongue'            yé                `sharpen'

                                                         (a knife)

     pì       `grand mother'pe                 `tree'

3.  (e) – [e]

     è        `say'                 Ə                `my'

     kep    `shoot'             kƏp            `shut; close'

              (a gun etc.)

     nem   `dew'               nƏm            `induce to produce rotton smell'

     pen    `mistake'          pƏn         `ten'

     séŋ     `dodge'             sƏp             `cry'

              (move out of path of

              something)

     hem   `hymn'              hƏn             `thread' (a needle)

4.  (i) – (Ə)

     im      `bend; bow'       Əm              `mat'

     Əkím  `last'                 ƏkƏn        `cream' (milk)

     phit    `brew'              phƏt            `run'

              (beer-second stage)

     tìm     `dare'               tƏm             `breast'

              (challenge someone

              to do something)

     kím    `finish; shut'      kƏm            `basket'

              (mouth)

     khip    `cut'                 khƏp           `armlet' (hair)

     nin     `shiver'             nƏn             `endure'   

     sip      `throw away'    sƏp          `cry'                    

5.  (Ə) – [a]

     Ə            `my'            a                 `fire'

     Əm          `mat'            áŋ                `keep'

     pƏn         `ten'            pan              `rub'

     tƏm         `breast'       tam              `alluminium'

     kƏt          `wrap up'    kat               `peel'

                   (cooked things)                (strip off fruits/skin)

     mƏt         `to cut'        mat              `spider'

     nƏn         `endure       nan              `labour'

                   suffering

     hƏt          `alight'         hàt               `week'

                   (as a bird)

6.  (a) – (a:)

     alà          `consume'    ay                `drive' (a:y)

                                                         (animal)

     ñà?          `fish'           ŋay              `talk' (ŋa:y)

     pha         `give'           pháy            `vomit' (phá:y)

     ta            `twenty'       tày               `go' (tà:y)

     sá           `tie'             sày              `comb' (sa:)

                   (hair)                              (hair)

1.    [Ə] – [o]

     Əm          `mat'           òm               `cheek'

     KƏn         `love'           kòn              `bow'

     KƏm        `basket'       kom             `curved'

     CƏm        `help'          cóm             `pit'

     YƏn         `save'          yón              `goat'

     PƏn         `ten'            pòn              `feel'

     SƏm        `gong'         sòŋ              `set' (a trap for big animals)

2.    [o] – [o:] 

     ó             `to dress'     óy                `mucus' (ó:y)

     pòŋ         `feel'           ŋòy?             `scratch' (ŋò:y?)

                                                         (with nails)

     yòŋ         `stone'         yòy              `self' (yò:y)

     pó           `touch'         póypu          `marriage' (pó:ypu)

                   (by body)

     hok         `boil'           hoy              `boiled (ho:y)

                   (as water)                        vegetable'

     ŋo           `spear'        ŋoy              `reach' (ŋo:y)

                                                            (a place)

     nò           `lift up'        ñòy              `dwell, (nò:y)

                                      live at'

     mo          `festival'      moy             `clean' (mo:y)

9.  [I] – [u]   

     phit         `brew'         phút             `rub'

                   (beer)

     tik           `baffalo'       túk              `locust'

     timan      `we'            tuman          `we'

                   (inclusive)                       (exclusive)

     sìŋ          press'          súŋ              `make hole (with effort)

     hít           `tight'           hút               `to smell'

                   (very)

     yi            `no'(t)          yú                `collect'

                                                         (debt)

     hin          `tie'             hún              `gold'

                   (a knot)

10.[u] – [u:]

     sù           `beat'          sùy              `small' [sù:y]

                   (a local drum)

     tu            `nine'           tuy               `kill' [tu:y]

     kù           `scraper'      kùy              `dog' [kù:y]

11.[u] – [o]

     sùŋ         `make'         sòŋ              `set a trap'

                   (a hole with                    (for big animals)

                   effort)

     túk          `locust'        tók              `back'

     phùk       `basket'       khok           `strip off'

                   (hanging)

     tú            `paint'          tó                `squander'

                   (body or face)

     sú           `lead'           só                `decide'

                   (an animal)

     yú           `collect'       yó               `club'

                   (debts)                           (girl's)

 

     phú         `brew'         phò             `spin'

                   (beer)                             (thread)

     pù           `grand         pó               `touch'

                   father'                             (by body)

Drills for consonants :

          The following chart gives a complete picture of the various pairs of sounds which are illustrated below; and the numbers indicate the sections in which they are dealt with.

            

I.     Stops:

A.   Aspiration:

1.    [p] – [ph]

       pa           `do mischief'               pha         `offer, give'

       pú           `grand father'              phù         `brew' (beer)

       púŋ         `go down'                    phùŋ         `float'

       pay         `carry' [pa:y]                phay        `overflow' (pha:y)

                     (on shoulder)

       pƏy        `cover'                        phƏy      `with'

       pƏn        `ten'                           phƏn   `break' (a rope)

      pòŋ        `feel'                            phóŋ   `pile up'

                 (sense by touch)

2.    [k] – [kh]

       kò          `wound'           khò       `spade'

                     (inflict a wound)

       kù?         `theft'               khù?     `stoop'

                                                         (pick up by bending the body)

       kip          `cover'             khip      `cut'

                     (a pot)                         (hair)

       kák         `tear'               khák     `scorch'

                                                         (food-while cooking)

       kùk         `corner'           khùk     `pocket'

                     (back side of

                     the dor)

       kay         `cough' [ka:y]  khay     `pick'      (kha:y)

                                                         (a fruit from a tree)

       kìm         `shut'               khim     `worship'

       ka?waŋ   `god'               khàwŋ   `crow'

                     (konyak)

B.    Position of vocal cords:

3.    [p] – [b]

       apa         `groom'           wùpa              `oldman'      [wuba]

       mƏpu      `from'            laŋpa              `killer'          [laŋba]

       ñípà        `between'        lípu                 `death'        [líbu]

       hipƏk      `time'             mapu              `full'            [mabu]

       Əpèm      `breadth'        wanpu             `hard'          [wanbu]

       Əwpe     `when' nƏm     Əmpu              `where'        [Əmbu]          

4.    [c] – [j]

       Əncúŋ     `stage'           khocà        `one hundred'      [khoja]

       Ka?cì      `valley'          khòcan        `nail'                  [khojan]

       SƏpcù     `battle'          kƏwcoy       `mother's           [kewjo:y]

                                                             Brother

C.   Manner of articulation:

5.    [p] – [t]

       pe           `tree'               te                  `to'             

       pó          `touch'             tó                   `waste'

                     (by body)

       pù           `grandfather'    tù                   `puss'

       pen         `forget'            ten                 `defend'

                     (momentarily)  (one self)

       pú?         `give birth to'   tú?                  `wash'

                                                                  (body)

       pik          `share'             tik                  `pot'

       pƏy        `bamboo'         táy                  `wise'

       púhò       `cobra'             túwo               `ant'

                                                                  (biggest in size)

       pípòm      `dim'                tìtóy                `kidney'        [títò:y)

6.    [t] – [T]

       tat           `eight'              tát                  `chop' (fire wood) [tat]

       yat          `swim'              yit                   `comb'                   [yit]

                                                                  (fibre for spinning)

7.         [t] – [c]

       té            `quarrel'           cé                   `demolish'

       tò            `great'              cò                   `untie'

                                                                  (a knot)

       tƏm         `breast'          cƏm               `help'

       toŋ           `ask'              coŋ                 `grow'

                     (a question)

       tòk         `test; balance'  còk                `lazy'

       táy          `go' (ta:y)         cày                 `listen;hear' (cà:y)

       tà            `light'               ca                   `one'

                     (moon)

       tìma        `small pox'       cílò                 `brain'

8.    [c] – [k]

       cá           `swell'              ká                  `open'

                     (as a grain)                            (mouth)

       cú           `season'           kú                  `steal'

       cƏm     `help'            kƏm           `basket'

                                                                  (carried in hand)

       com        `pit'                 kom               `bend'

       caŋ         `chase'             kaŋ                 `urge'

                     (drive away)

       càme      `warn'              kámi               `bamboo'

                                                                  (used to cover roof)

       cút          `cling to'          kùk                `corner'

                                                                  (backside of the door)

       cay         `far' [ca:y]        kay                 `cough'        [ka:y]

9.    [h] – [?]

       há?         `eat'                há?                 `eat'

       hú           `want'             tó?                 `level'

       hip          `smoke'          pe?                 `kneel down'

       hƏw        `act'                mà?                `dissappear'

       han         `fuel'              ñà?                 `fish'

       sa?a       `now'              saha               `alone'

       lá?ha      `vein'               láha                `health'

D.   Nasals:

3.        [m] – [n] – [ñ] – [ŋ]

mé     `pestle           ñƏm        `for'        ñe         `scratch' ŋè        `see'

ma     `dal'               ne           `ear'        ña         `bison'    ŋá        `five'

ma?   `disappear     nƏm        `sharp'    ña?       `fish'       ŋà        `mad'    

mƏy   `extinguish'   nƏy         `tie'         ñay       `tire' [ña:y] ŋoy   `arrive'[ŋo:y]

                                            (dhoti)                 (become

                                                                       tired)

mƏm `hurry'        nƏm         `decay'    ñƏm    `fear'      ŋƏm backside of

                                                                                               neck

mók`scream'         nòk          `house'    `ñak     `plaster'  ŋók    `nod'

mok `jerk'                                                                     ŋát     `white core'

       (pull suddenly)                              ñat        `mix'            (of banana plant)

mƏt `hammer'     

E.    Fricatives:

11.  [s] – [h]

       se         `potato'                 hè                `breathe'

       su         `grind'                   hù                `snoof'

                   (grain)

       sím       `grip'                     hím              `believe'

                   (hold firmly)

       san       `last'                     hƏn             `load'

                   (stay in condition)  (a vehicle)

       san       `crab'                    han              `fuel'

       siŋ        `make a hole'        húŋ              `praise'

                   (with effort)

       pasa     `rogue'                  púhò            `cobra'

F.    Frictionless continuants (Semi vowels)

4.        [w] – [y]

       wán      `loud'                    yán              `flow'

       wìm      `chant'                  yìm              `ripen'

                                                                  (as a fruit)

       wóŋ      `strength'               yóŋ              `stand up'

                                                                  (come to standing position)

       wòk     `six'                      yìk               `put on'

                                                                  (ornaments)

       wàkìm  `last tooth'             yàkhìn         `claw, paw'

       wàpƏm `front tooth'         yaph n         `standard'

5.         [w] – [l]

       wan          `short'                     lan               `condemn'

                                                                        (find equity)

       waŋ          `enough'                  laŋ               `tie'

                                                                        (thread-female)

       wóŋ          `strength'                 lòŋ               `burn'

                                                                        (as a fire)

       wòk          `six'                        lók              `sing; dance'

       wày          `rain' [wa:y]             lày              `leaf'           [là:y]

       wanwim    `ligament'               wanlim        `sweat'

       lƏmwoy    `guide' [lƏmwó:y]      lƏmlàŋ        `fallow land'

                      (accompany)

6.         [k] – [?]

       kùk       `corner'                 kù?              `theft'

                   (backside of the

                   door)

       kák       `cut, hear'              kà?              `farm'

       ták        `weave'                 tá?               `paddy'

                   (cloth)

       sòk       `serve'                   sò?              `condemn'

                                                                  (find guilty)

       túk        `locust'                  tú?               `paint'

       mok      `jerk'                     mò?             `satiate, satisfy'

                   (pull suddenly)