2.2.5.7.Sociative
Case
Sociative is the `in
association of/with', it may be animate or inanimate. It's marker is phƏy.
ya ƏphƏy ha?lak `she will eat with me'
1 2
3 4
`I went
to the school with the books'
1 5 2 4 3
áŋmiŋƏ yaphƏy tay `Angmung went with her'
1
2 3 4 1 4 3
2
henloŋƏ ya yaphƏy tay `Henlong took her with her
1
2 3 4
5 1
5 2 4
3
2.2.6.
Numeral
system
Numeral constitute a
sub-class of Nouns as they function as noun attributes.
The
Konyak numeral system is vigesimal in its structure. The counting is based on the basic numeral
for `twenty' ta (instead of ten' as in decimal system).
2.2.6.1.
Cordinal
Numerals
The
basic cordinal number terms which are monomorphemic are the following:-
cà `one' ñit `seven'
ñí `two' tat `eight'
yí `two' tu `nine'
lm `three' pƏn `ten'
pilí `four' ta `twenty'
ŋa `five' kh* `hundred'
wók `six'
Among
these terms except khò-, all others are free forms, while khò- is bound. It requires one of the numerals from 1 to 9
for its occurrence.
The
numeral `two' has allomorphs, ñí and yí.
While ñí occurs only as the last
member of the numeral construction (eg. panƏñí `12'); y occurs as the
middle or the penultimate member in a numeral construction. (eg. tiyícà `40';
tycpn `50'). Also it is used mainly in
counting numbers than elsewhere. That
is, it is not used with a noun head, eg.
Ka?tañí `two
men'
*ka?tay
nòkñí `two
houses' etc.
*nòkyí
There
are no native terms for higher numbers like thousand, lakh, etc. For these
numbers, the corresponding :ng terms are borrowed from Assamese, eg.
hacà `thousand'
(hacàcà `one thousand')
lak- `lakh' (lakcà `one lakh')
1. Numerals
from 11 to 19 (teens) are obtained by adding 1 to 9 to the numeral `ten' `pƏn'.
pan ten
+ cà `one' → pƏn mƏcà `eleven'
When
added so, a bound element me~mƏ is added between them. Elsewhere me~mƏ is a locative case marker.
Similarly –
pƏn
-
ñí `two' → pƏnmƏñí `twelve'
pƏn
-
ŋa ` `five' → pƏnmƏŋa `fifteen'
pƏn
-
wòk `six' → pƏnmƏwók `sixteen'
pƏn -
tu `nine' → pƏnmƏtu `nineteen', etc.
2. Decades
are obtained in two ways:-
The
`even' decades like 20, 40, 60 are obtained by multiplication of `twenty' with
the respective basic numerals 2,3 and 4.
20 x 2 → 40
ta x yi → tiyícà
20 x 3 → 60
ta x lim
→ tilimcà
20 x 4 → 80
ta x pilí → tippƏlícà
In all the above three tens, it can be noted that at the end
of these forms cà is used. It is an
opligatory item. It seems to demarcate
and state that the preceding elements belong to one unit. And the relation between the members is of
multiplication. This becomes obvious
when we notice in `odd' tens by adding `ten' after cà `one' to the `even' tens,
we get the respective `odd tens'. That
means whatever occurs after cà, and precedes cà have the relation of addition,
and nothing else.
20 x 2 →
40 + 10 = 50 or [[(2) (2)m 10 Ad.]]
eg.- ta x yi + pƏn → tiyícàpƏn
20 x 3
60 + 10 = 70
ta x lm + pƏn → `tilim càpƏn'
20 x 4 →
80 + 10 = 90
ta x pili + pƏn → tippƏlÍ càpƏn
But for
`thirty', it is tapn `30'. Here, it is
the case of addition and not of multiplication.
Still here c is not used.
3. Numerals from 21 to 99 except decade, are
obtained by adding the basic numerals from 1 to 9 to the decades. In this process a bound element phy me* is
added between them, eg.
ta `20'
+ cà `l' → taphƏymƏcà `21'
ta `20'
+ lim `3' → taphƏy
malim `23'
tiyíc `40' + ŋa `5' → tippƏlícàpƏn `40'
tippalícàpƏn `90' + ñit `7' → tippƏlí càpƏn phƏyƏñit `97'
tilímcàpn `70' + tat `8' →
tilímcàpƏn phƏymƏtat `78'
tilímcà `60' + tu `9' →
tilím càpƏn `69' etc.
4. Centuries are
obtained by suffixing basic numerals 1 to 9 to kho - `hundred'. The resultant form is a free form.
khò – cà `one' → khòcà `one hundred'
ñyí `two'
→ khòñí
`two hundred'
ŋa `five' → khòŋa
`five hundred'
wók `six'
→ khòñwók
`six hundred'
* phym is a postpositional (adverbial) marker. It also
conveys sense of `after' `with' etc.
Further higher numbers are
obtained by forming numeral constructions in the above way. All the numeral constructions upto hundred
constitute `words', and the higher constructions constitute `phrases'. For instance – khòcà pƏnmƏñí `one hundred twelve'.
Here this construction a
phrase – consists of two constituents –khòcà `one hundred' and pƏnmƏñí `twelve'.
Higher denominations come
to the left (of writing), as seen above.
Similarly-
khòñítiyí cápƏn phƏymƏlim
1
2 3 4
`two hundred fifty three'
2
1 3 4
hacàcà khòtu
tippƏlícàpƏn phƏymƏtat
1
2 3 4
5 6
`one thousand nine undred
ninty nine'
2 1 4
3 5
6
hacà ñí khò ñí
tiyí càpƏn
1
2 3 4
5
`two thousand two hundred
fifty'
2
1 4 3 5
lakcà hacàpƏnmƏpilí khòŋa tapƏn
1 2 3
4 5 6
7
`one lakh fourteen thousand
five hundred thirty'
2
1 4 3 6 5 7
and so on.
So far cardinal numerals
were dealt with. There are a few other
types of numerals also. They are
discussed below.
2.2.6.2.
Ordinal
numerals:
Ordinal numerals are
obtained by suffixing ordinal marker sepu(pa) to the cardinal numerals
from `second onwards'.
For `first' a separate form
is used: Əwaŋ(pa.)
ñí sepu (pa) `second'
lím sepu
(pa) `third'
ñí
sepupa ka?ta `second person'
Əwaŋpatoy `first thing'
Əwaŋ pañoy `first place'
2.2.6.3.
Multiplicative
numerals:
Multiplicative numerals are
obtained by suffixing multiplicative marker me to the cardinal numerals,
eg.-
ñí+ me → ñíme `twice'
lím + me
→ limme `thrice'
pilí +
me → pilíme `four times, etc.