In passive constructions the deep subject takes instrumental marker a as illustrated above.

         -phƏy is used elsewhere eg :-

         imannƏ pelan yaN phƏy ák

           1         2     3    4

         `they cut the trees with the daws’

             1    4           2       3

         tƏwƏ hansolante wuphƏ sa?

            1         2    3         4

         `I tied the sticks with the rope’

          1  4             2       3

         nàŋe hàtƏw ñeytƏm phƏy wonne yiók

            1        2          3          4                     5

         `you cannot play with this ball’

            1            5       4     2     3

         imannƏ yanphƏy hak nàŋki

          1             2              3

         `they are fighting with daws’

            1             3                  2

         `Cause’ is also a sort of instrumental.  In surface level it is marked separately by the marker ciŋne `for’, `because’.  Because it relates the causal relation of an action denoted by the predicate and the causal noun.

         For instance in-

         eƏe lay ciŋne hiŋhƏw tawyáŋki

          1  2  3         4 5         6

         `he got the award for his book’

           1    6            5     4    2      3

         Here the causal relation is expressed between the `book’ and the `award getting’.

         Similarly-

         hátƏwƏ nàŋtaŋta eiŋne yimƏy

              1          2    3     4         5

         `this is not good for your health’

              1       5            4     2        3

         eƏ ku?pu ciŋne phóèaŋ pane meaŋ

           1     2         3         4                 5

         `he was made a prisoner for robbery’

           1    5                 4       3        2

         tƏwƏe ha ciŋne móŋsaŋ nàŋki

           1     2  3     4          5

         `I feel sorry for my son’

         1           5      4    2    3

2.2.5.4. Dative case

         It is the identification of the target with the noun phrase.  It relates to the transfer or movement of something to a person the receiver as destination.  If the receiver is the person, then it is called indirect object (in the presence of DO).  Then the DO occurs after the IO.  Only in transitive sentence this relation is possible.  Its marker is te~ta. eg:-

         (a)         tƏwƏ náŋte layca pha          `I gave you a book’

                  Sub ND GoNP Obj NP             1    4     2        3

         (b)         tƏwƏ layca nàŋte pha          `I gave a book to you’

                      1        2       3       4             1    4         2          3

         Though both the orders are possible as above (a) is more frequently used than (b).

         hàtƏwlay eƏ Əte phanàŋ           `this book he gives me’

                  1       2    3       4                    1         2     4      3

         When the object is focused, it can occur before the subject as above.

         `Dative’ also conveys a sense of location.  Then the  dative occurs after the `object’.

         tƏwƏ hátláy? tayyáŋki                           `I had been to the market’

             1         2            3                 1              3             2

         tƏwe layca hiyonte sún                      `I sent a book to Hiyong

              1          2      3       4                        1    4       2              3

         nòkte nƏyƏkem táw?                   `go around the house’

              1       2                                                   2               1

         In this last example though nòk `house’ is the object, in the absence of the subject gets the `goal’ marker.  Similarly-

         paypu ka? talan asayte                         `to all the arrived people’

             1             2        3                           3              1          2

         yoyoy nòkte                         `to (their) respective house(s).

             1      2  3                               3               1                2

         In affectative constructions `goal’ marker is used as mentioned above (see 2.2.5.1.).

 

2.2.5.5. Ablative (source) Case

         It is the `source’ from which the movement takes place.  In other words `source’ is denoted by the noun phrase whose relation to the action is that of a fixed point.  This marker is mepu* `from’ eg:-

         tƏwƏ laypanmƏpu pƏy            `I came from the school’

          1   2          3     4                1    4      3               2

         nàŋƏ tƏwciŋmƏpu ka? ta Əwo yisiŋ

           1              2     3       4         5       6

         `you do not know anyone from that village’

            1         6               4   5      3               2

         eƏ pesoŋ mƏpu cay ŋo?nàŋ