1.
Lexicography has been regarded, until recently, at best as a craft to be learned
under a master or on one’s own, at worst as harmless drudgery and hackwork. In
India this still continues to be the prevailing view. Now another perspective
has opened up – that of thinking of lexicography as the application of linguistic
theory to the writing of a reference guide to the vocabulary of a language. Some
people even draw a distinction between lexicology – the relevant branch of linguistic
theory – and lexicography – its application to dictionary-making. Practising lexicographers
may half resent this appearance of the linguist on the scene.
After all (they may well ask) what is the use of fancy theoretical constructs
where a robust common sense à la Dr. JOHNSON and a sense of neatness and tiredness
should be enough? They may, however, feel a bit reassured if the linguist could
offer them help in making the dictionary even more neat and tidy and packing it
with information that is even more varied and useful.
It
seems to me that the best starting point for a meaningful dialogue (A phrase that
a dictionary should promptly label as seminarese – handle with care!) between
the professional or amateur lexicographer and the linguist-lexicologist is the
structure of a dictionary entry.
The
value of a dictionary depends on the answers to these three questions:
(a) What
are the types of queries that the dictionary proposes to answer?
(b) Does it supply
information that is the best available to date and does it do it lucidly and relevantly?
(c) Does
it help the reader to retrieve this information with the minimum trouble? How
accessible does its arrangement make it?
One
would go a long way in answering the first and the last of our three questions
by finding out whether an entry in the given dictionary has a well-dictionary
structure at all and, if so, what that structure is like.
2.
Let us begin by spelling out what the structure of an entry in a traditional dictionary
of an Indian language looks like:
(a) entry
word in the local script
* (b)
transliteration in Roman or Devanagari
*
(c) origin tag – Sanskrit, Persian, English,
etc.
(d) part-of-speech
tag
* (e) subclass tag – e.g. gender of a noun,
transitivity of a verb
(f) string of glosses
in the same language in a unilateral dictionary or in
another
language in a bilingual dictionary - *with some rudimentary
punctuational structuring (commas versus semicolons, for example, or numbers
such as (1), (2) etc.
*(g) idioms and glosses of these idioms
*(h) citations from Literary texts – chosen without
any visible plan (such as
covering
all the centuries or all the meanings)
*(i) etymology
(j) derivatives
Items
marked above with an asterisk do not appear in all the dictionaries – in cheaper
commercial dictionaries most or all of them would be missing. The arrangement
may, again, deviate some what from the above plan – e.g. item (c) precedes item
(a) in PLATT’S A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English. Also
the glosses (under items (f) and (g) may be in more than one language - e.g. Tamil
lexicon gives a gloss in English as well as in Tamil and thus cuts across
the distinction between unilingual and bilingual dictionaries. The language in
which information under items (c), (d), (e), and (i) is supplied is usually in
the same language as the glossing language under items (f) and (g). Thus MOLESWORTH’s
A Dictionary of Marathi and English gives such information in English.
Finally, an entry may contain cross-references to other entries. Indian dictionaries
do not seem to use this highly versatile device on a large scale.
An
inspection of the above scheme suggests that there is room for improvement. Perhaps
what we should do is, first, to ask ourselves what is the maximum amount of information
that we can pack in a dictionary without turning it into an encyclopaedia?
For any particular kind of dictionary this scheme may then be suitably adapted
and pruned to suit the budgeting square inches, number and size of entries, and
costs and to meet the needs of the particular kind or kinds of clients one has
in mind. (Instead of vaguely thinking of the User of the Dictionary, it is better
to look upon him as a client with a particular background, equipment, preferences,
and so forth who has come to the dictionary-maker for consultation.)
What
I said earlier about separating dictionaries from encyclopaedias perhaps calls
for some elucidation. Let me quote H. W. and F. G. FOWLER from their Preface to
the first edition (1911) of The Concise Oxford dictionary of current English:
“
The book is designed as a dictionary, and not as an encyclopaedia; that is, the
uses of words and phrases as such are its subject matter, and it is concerned
with giving information about the things for which those words or phrases stand
only so far as correct use of the words depends upon knowledge of the things.
The degree of this dependence varies greatly with the kind of word treated …”
The kind of questions raised by
this last sentence can be illustrated as follows: Should an English entry on wife
mention the prevailing assumption of monogamy? Should schoolteacher and
secretary be described as primarily feminine in gender in English? Should
users of English be alerted to the fact that spring, summer, autumn, winter,
refer to the seasons of the northern hemisphere by default? And to the fact
that the hedgehog and the unicorn are English fauna, the giraffe
and the Hydra being exotic fauna? And to the fact that the hedgehog
and the giraffe are of this world, the unicorn and hydra
being of mythical worlds? And to the ‘fact’ that there was only one of the species
Hydra before Herakles killed it? Should lobster be defined as ‘large
marine stalk-eyed ten footed long-tailed edible crustacean with large claws formed
by the first pair of feet, bluish-black before and scarlet after being boiled;
its flesh is food’ (as the Fowlers do it in a dictionary addressed primarily to
the native speaker or as ‘shellfish with eight legs and two claws, bluish-black
before and scarlet after being boiled… its flesh as food’ along with a line drawing
(as the advance learner’s dictionary of current English originally conceived as
a guide to Japanese learners of English does it)? Or, again, as a large marine
decapod crustacean (family Homaridae) commonly used for food; especially: one
of a genus (Homarus) including the American lobster (H. americanus) and the European
lobster (H. Vulgaris) of the Atlantic coasts and the very small Cape lobster (H.capensis)
of Southern Africa (as the encyclopaedically biased Webster seventh New Collegiate
does it)? Should the user be told that Hindi koyala refers to ‘Eudynamis
scolapaceus, L. and other songbirds of the same genus’ or that Hindi kapha
is not only ‘thick fluid discharge from throat at the time of coughing’ but also
‘one of the three cardinal doṣas
(see doṣa) in the ayurvedic system
of medicine, comparable to phlegm in the Medieval European theory of humours and
balgham in the Yunani system’? Should an entry on a word meaning “owl”
in an Indian language mention that it is inauspicious to Hindus and is proverbially
afraid of daylight (divābhīta is also a synonym for an owl in
Sanskrit). It is obvious that a dictionary will have to talk encyclopaedically
as much about the things referred as about and their place in the culture that
the language is a vehicle of, but it is equally clear that this encyclopaedic
and ethnographic element must not squeeze out the properly linguistic information
supplying which is the basic function of a dictionary.
A
dictionary whose dominant orientation is linguistic would not neglect common and
heavy-duty words like as, the set, go, hand in English by assuming that
everyone knows all about them. (It all depends on who ‘everyone’ is and what ‘knowing’
on his part is.) Such a dictionary, moreover, will not be stingy in allotting
space to plenty of examples from everyday usage – not being satisfied with only
a grudging “literary” citation or two reserved for high-prestige words like morn,
consummation, incarnadine. Above all a linguistic orientation will underline
the importance of consistent principles in the choice and presentation of items.
Thus, if items from nonstandard dialects are to be included along with those from
the standard variety, one would insist that a haphazard sprinkling of this forms
with insufficient labelling will not do. The net of word-gathering will be cast
evenly all over the area with the holes evenly wide! In the dictionary in its
final shape a careful system of labeling will be introduced of the kind one gets
in the critical apparatus of a carefully edited text. Assuming that the language
has three nonstandard varieties A, B, C, besides the standard variety S, each
item in all or some of its uses would carry one of the following labels – ABCS,
ABS, ACS, ABC, AS, BS, CS, AB, AC, BC, A, B, C, S. (Of course for economizing
space the label that would appear most often could be left understood.) If the
careful and extensive verification which this system must involve is not feasible
for some reason, the linguist would stick to that variety or those varieties of
the language which he knows most about. The test of relevancy for deciding on
inclusion / exclusion of any kind of information should be uniform for all entries
in a given dictionary.
While
a dictionary is not a thesaurus or word-finder, it can take on some of the functions
of a word-finder. Theoretically the dictionary and the word-finder are at poles
apart. Once a form is identified, the dictionary supplies allsorts of information
which includes the attribution of some recurring properties. The point of entry
in a word-finder is, on the other hand, just such a property and items sharing
this property are listed – say, exclamations of grief, verbs taking two objects,
synonyms of nadī ‘river’ in Sanskrit, words in English relating to
‘horse’ (mare, colt, filly, pony, neigh, pack, mane, etc.), words rhyming with
sigh, words accented on the final syllable in a language with predominant
penultimate accent, and so forth. How to arrange these entries in a word-finder
is a vexed problem. It may be noted in passing that the nigaṇṭus, košas, dhātupāthas,
and gaṇapaṭb has
of ancient India were not dictionaries but thesauruses or word-finders of certain
well-defined types, and that the thesaurus counterpart of an etymological dictionary
is the historical and comparative word-finder (WALDE and POKORNY’S Indo-European
and EMENEAU and BURROW’s Dravidian ‘dictionaries’, for example). Now, in a dictionary
proper as distinct from a word-finder, it is often helpful to undertake some word-listing.
A dictionary should do this, however, only so far as this promotes its primary
function of explaining the uses of forms. Thus, instead of glossing colonel
as ‘next lower that a brigadier-general and next higher than a lieutenant-colonel’,
lieutenant colonel as next lower than a colonel and next higher than a
major’, etc. etc., it would make good sense to bring all those terms together
in a single convenient place (say, in the entry on office) and send the
user there through cross-references from colonel,
major, etc. The common practice of huddling derivatives and compounds as sub-entries
under the main word (carried to its logical extreme in MONIER-WILLIAM’S Sanskrit-English
dictionary) at the cost of some inconvenience or even bewilderment to the
user has no other justification than its convenience for word-finding.
With
these preliminary remarks, we are now ready to unpack an entry of the thoroughly
unabridged dictionary.
3.
If one thinks of a dictionary entry as an involved but abbreviated sentence, the
entry-heading (or lemma or identification or storage address) constitutes its
subject as it were and the body of the entry (or explanation of use or information
stored) its predicate. Any matter extraneous to these two will be in the form
of sub-entries (typically, for idioms) or interspersed elsewhere (typically as
cross-references)
The
entry heading will consist of: (1) spellings of various sorts, (2) identification
tags, if any, when the spellings are not distinctive. These and the alphabetical
arrangement is all the help the user gets in order to figure out for himself the
correct address for the information he is looking for.
(1)
The item – be it word or compound or derivative or idiom or abbreviation
or suffix or whatever – whose use is going to be explained is first spelled out
at any or all of the following levels (with or without a list of variants):
(1a) conventional spelling
(1b) phonological spelling
(1c) Grammatical resolution into constituents, if
any (wisdom into wise and
–dom, took into past of take)
All
this may be given a historical or temporal dimension by tracing these three backwards
in time – this amounts to a formal history or etymology of the word.
(2)
When there is homonymy of any sort (homography or homophony or
both – including grammatical
homonymy), this is usually indicated by splitting the entry into separate successive entries
often numbered serially –
1date
n. (fruit), 2date I n. (of a month, II v.
When
there is polysemy of any sort (as with 2date Ii, with documents and with
girls or boys as objects), the usual procedure is to subdivide the entry into
parts often serialized in some way and often with labels like figurative
–
2date
I n. 1. …. 1.a. … ; …, …. 2.
…..
In a dictionary handling
linguistically heterogenous items, additional diatopic tags (standard, Northern,
Brahman use), or diatypic tags (elegant, literary, technical) may have
to be added. The consistent use of a diachronic perspective throughout the body
of the entry makes the dictionary a historical one.
The
body of the entry is an elucidation of the functions or uses of the item heading
the entry. It will consist of: (3) the
use of conditioned formal variants (a before consonants, an before
vowels) and the conditioning of formal variants in accompanying items (shake
takes -en and not -ed as the past participle ending), (4) the grammatical function
class and sub-class, and (5) the explanation of meaning which, of course, is the
problematic soft core of the entry and the locus of the distinction between unilingual
and multilingual dictionaries. This is what the user primarily comes to the dictionary
for as opposed to (1) and (2) constituting the storage address.
(3)
Allomorphy of the item in question or of its accompaniments does
not call for further comment beyond saying that this information is often woven
into (1) (by spelling butter phonetically as b٨t ə where the asterisk stands for the potentiality
of the linking r) or into (4) (by tagging a verb as verb irregular
or verb of conjugation IV)
(4)
Most dictionaries now provide at least a broad function-class
tag (noun masculine, noun plural, verb transitive VP 8 in the Advanced
learner’s dictionary of current English ultimately inspired by PALMER’S A
Grammar of English words). Another format for supplying such information is
providing carefully chosen examples (we supply books to the library and
we supply the library with books under supply). This is especially
needed in bilingual dictionaries where we certainly cannot assume that everyone
knows all about this. It is obvious that such ventures have to be backed by a
sound linguistic analysis and an intimate knowledge of the language.
(5)
Three main types of format have come into vogue over the centuries
in the explanation of meaning:
(a) the defining or, more precisely, the definiens
or the predicate of the definition
(cat
‘billī’, to run ‘to progress by advancing each foot alternately never having both feet on the ground at one
and the same time (compare to walk)’
X, Urdu (khitāb ‘honorific title’)
(b)
the description of usage, which is distinct from (a), though
not always typographically
distinguished from it (Hindi koyala kind of bird, Urdu šaikh
honorific title, English rummy name of a card game, Marathi vansẽ used for calling
or mentioning respectfully one’s husband’s sister, Marathi vāraṇen euphemism for maraẽ)
(c)
the well-chosen example – the kind we expect from an examinee
when asked to used an expression in a sentence of his own – or the well-chosen
picture or diagram – as in defining different kinds of knots or shades of colour
(illustrations of both kinds provide a realistic sample context in which the item
being glossed could properly be used)
Of
course the three modes of bringing home to the user the use of words and phrases
could be reduced to a single formula – in the last analysis (a) being a special
case of (c) and (c) being a special case of (b). In any case they have to be often
combined (the definition of run given above needs some descriptive support
like – as used with a human or other two-legged subject; have can hardly
be defined in Hindi without an example; in glossing Hindi pīnā
in English as ‘smoke (hookahs, cigarettes, cigars)’ we are in fact providing examples
in an abbreviated manner; in describing a catapult as a Y-shaped stick
we are presenting a miniature picture or diagram; etc.)
The
supplementary information may include thesaurus-type lists of the following among
others: idioms; synonyms, near-synonyms, and antonyms; correlated words (as in
the example of ranks to be listed under officer discussed above).
4.
This inward logical structure of the entry is made manifest to the user of the
dictionary in various ways:
(a) By a careful step-by-step explanation in the introduction
to the Dictionary of the different parts of the entry, of what is and is not included
in each part (with appropriate examples extracted from the body of the Dictionary)
(b) By puntuational and other symbols; typography; and
the lay-out of the entry.
Considering
how important the contribution is that is made by typographical devices both to
the articulation of the entry and to its condensation for the saving of space
in order to make room for more information and to keep the costs down, perhaps
the publishers would do well to try out different typographical formats in a sample
fascicule and elicit comments from typical prospective users before deciding upon
the final physical shape of the dictionary.
Of
course there is more to a dictionary than the structure of its entries and the
typographical format – there are the selection and arrangement of the entries
themselves and of the subdivisions within a single entry, the micro-structure
of the explanation of use in uni-lingual and multilingual dictionaries, the balance
between the encyclopaedic and the thesaurus elements of the dictionary on the
one hand and its main linguistic core on the other, the distinction between synchronic
and diachronic perspectives, and so on. But a clear grasp of the structure of
an entry should provide an effective point of departure for the consideration
of other problems.
5. Before moving on to the samples proposed for
a Marathi-English dictionary that are designed to illustrate a wide variety of
practical problems, one may usefully sketch in the very raison d’être of
basic dictionary features. Why select these entries? What material goes into each
entry and how will it arrange itself? How are the entries to be arranged and Why?
The underlying theoretical considerations that a practical dictionary-maker cannot
wholly lose sight of. Sound lexicography presupposes sound lexicology.
(a)
“A complete description of a language will list every form whose function is not
determined either by structure or by a marker, it will include, accordingly, a
lexicon or list of morphemes, which indicates the form-class of each morpheme’
as well as lists of all complex forms whose function is in any way irregular.”
(Such is the case, say, with conjunctions like in case, even though, even if;
with adverbs like this way, at all, at least / most / best / worst / first
/ last; speech or verse fusions like dunno, won’t, ‘tis. Even with
simple forms we need to be told, for example, which of these are nouns and which
adjectives: coward, timid, male, yellow.) Indeed considering that “any
form which a speaker can utter only after he has heard it from other speakers,
is irregular… every morpheme… is an irregularity…and the reader of a linguistic
description can know of its existence only if it is listed for him. The lexicon
is really an appendix of grammar, a list of basic irregularities.” (All quotes
are from L. Bloomfield, Language, New York: Holt, 1933, §§ 16.3 (3); 16.6 para
3.) Compare this with the relationship between Panini’s sūtrapaṭha
with various lists such as gaṇapāṭha, dhātu
pāṭha.
(b)
The description of language whether grammatical or lexical hinges on the sign
mode that intervenes manifestation signals of speech (or writing) and the senses
or things by way of interpretation. So a lexical entry needs to have a tripartite
structure: the Formation component (functional and derivational category), the
manifestation component (spoken and written spelling), and the interpretation
component (intension meaning and extension meaning). Depending on which of these
takes priority, lexicons can be divided into dictionaries (spelling), derivatories
(function and derivation), and thesauruses (meaning).
(c)
The basic consideration underlying the arrangement of these entries is to offer
a form of storage that admits ready retrieval: typically access through a simple
scanning procedure if not direct random access. In the case of a “workable system
of signals” like language, one expects it to contain “only a small number of signaling
units”. At the same an ambitious and versatile system like language needs to handle
a large number of “things signaled about” – indeed, in the case of language “the
entire content of the practical world” that is “infinitely varied”. So manifestation
spellings offer greater accessibility than interpretation meanings. The language
user’s knowledge of functional and derivational categories is much more implicit
than his knowledge of manifestation signals or even interpretation categories.
So the spelling component permits greater ready access than either the formation
component. Moreover, spellings can be listed “in some convenient order, as, for
example, alphabetically” permitting a simple scanning procedure. (All quotes are
from Bloomfield, * 10.3.) Dictionaries (from Renaissance Europe onwards) are easier
to consult than derivatories (Chinese or Arabic traditional lexicons that list
by radicals; Sanskrit dhātupāṭhas)
or thesauruses (such as Roget’s thesaurus inspires Lelpniz and Amarasiṅha). So
a dictionary entry begins with a spelling, goes on to an indication of function
and structure, and ends up with meaning.
6. A selection of words as used in contemporary Marathi—namely, aṅga
/āṅga, antaras āla, 1kava·ā, 2Kavaā· , goṣṭa,
dahī, 1bhāṅga, 2bhāṅga,
1māraṅaen, 2māraṇen,1ve!d,
2ve!a, and šabda (all substantives with the
exception of 1, 2māraṇen verb transitive
and intransitive)—is taken up here for a descriptive treatment, i.e. neither historical
nor rigorously analytic. This is not intended
as a representative group; there is sufficient variety nevertheless so as to illustrate
the handling of a wide variety of problems that present themselves to a practicing
lexicographer.
An
explanation of the typographical and other conventions will be useful both for
understanding these entries and for its own sake.
The
entry heading consists of the conventional spelling in the Devanagari script,
the phonemic spelling in modified Roman, and, whenever the word (or stem) happens
to be complex, an indication of the constituent elements in brace brackets {
}. The inclusion of any item here and elsewhere in brace brackets suggests
a cross-reference to the reader.
When
two or more entry headings have the same conventional spelling, numbers are prefixed
to the heading—this is also useful in giving cross-references—thus, “see 2marḥә”
sends the reader to the verb intransitive or “see 2ve!” to the noun : masculine.
Each
entry consists of one or more paragraphs. Observations
in the opening paragraph are valid for the others (if any) unless the contrary
is indicated. The paragraphs other than
the opening one (when there are more than one paragraph in the whole entry) will
carry alphanumeric labels like l, la, lal, la2, lb, 2, etc.
Observations in any labeled paragraph are valid, unless the contrary is
indicated, for subsequent paragraphs if these carry labels that are extensions
of the earlier label : thus, l governs la, lal, la2, lb, but not 2; la governs
lal, la2, but not lb, 2; and so forth.
The body of the entry begins with a broad function-class label like :
Fa noun feminine of the ‘-a’ declension
Fi noun feminine of the ‘-i’ declension
M noun masculine
N noun neuter
VI verb intransitive
VT verb transitive
followed,
where necessary, by an indication of paradigmatic peculiarities in ( ).
The
explanation of meaning being offered in English is potentially divided into three
parts—the second of which is enclosed in angle brackets < >. When the second part
can be dispensed with, the < > stand
empty. These three parts are respectively—
(a) a description of usage
– including indications of typical collocations and cross-references introduced
by cf., syn., opp. etc. to related items;
(b) a gloss formally identifying
the referents (e.g. with biological taxonyms) and informally suggesting a semantic
analysis—any additional explanations, often of an encyclopaedic nature being set
off with a dash but still within < >;
(c) one or more translation
equivalents that would be acceptable in contemporary English.
Obviously
(b) and (c) are intended fro different purposes; (b) will be more useful to the
English-knowing reader who wants to find out what exactly the Marathi entry heading
means or refers to; (c) merely tells the reader what an English speaker will say
in a parallel situation and thus will be more useful to someone using the dictionary
for learning English better.
The
explanation of meaning is not really complete without the examples that follow
exhibiting the entry heading in a variety of contexts and collocations.
Some
entries will have one or more of the following three additional paragraphs –marked
with one, two, three asterisks respectively and numbered consecutively with the
preceding :
* idioms beginning with the entry heading
** all other idioms
*** listing of words of related meaning
and use with some explanation
in
these three – especially the last—the dictionary is taking on the functions of
the thesaurus or word-finder. The subdivisions
in these three are punctuated with parallel marks ||.
The
whole entry is interspersed with additional explanations in ( ) which are applicable
to the immediately preceding item unless the contrary is stated. Thus if three translation equivalents are presented
thus :
x,
y (Brit.) z (US)
this
means—y is British, z is US-American, and x is without any limitation.
A number of conventions are used for saving space;
x/y z means xz, yz; as
in : to ithә ahe/hota
x [y] z means xz, xyz;
as in : [semi] vowel
ditto means the same explanation of meaning
as the preceding item.
The
entry heading is abbreviated thus : the degree mark o is used when
the whole of it or a fragment thereof stands attached to the rest and the curly
dash ~ is used when the whole of it stands detached. In the case of verb entries -ṇǝ
is deleted in interpreting o – thus oun, oto
under marṇǝ stand for marun, marto. Other such shortenings with variable values
are :
@
any of the endings –a, -i, - ә, -e, -ya, -i; -o, -e depending on the gender,
number
(and
person) agreement.
A,
B, C any suitable nominal expression referring to a person (including personal
pronouns)
in the appropriate case.
X,
Y, Z any suitable nominal expression referring to a non-person, usually
inanimate,
in the appropriate case.
P, Q, R any suitable clause with a finite verb.
V any suitable verb stem or any suitable phrase closing with a verb stem.
N any suitable cardinal numeral.
HIM,
HIS, ONEself may be replaced by any suitable expression (her, my, etc.)
depending
on the context.
Italicizing
any word or abbreviation draws the reader’s attention to the introductory pages
of the dictionary where an explanation of its precise use would be offered.
A
list of the abbreviations and specially used words appearing in the sample entries
(in addition to the function-class labels listed earlier) follows :
also:
in addition to the literal meaning
animal
name
as
: introducing typical contexts
Brit.
British usage
causal
cf.
compare the following related but non-synonymous item(s)
collocation(s)
textual context only (cf. collocation(s))
colloq.
colloquial
comp.
comparable to
contemptuous
customary
(among speakers of Marathi—unless the contrary is indicated)
context
textual as well as situational context (cf. collocation(s))
countable
ditto
(already explained)
El
English equivalent acceptable to the native speakers in an Indian context
(‘local’
colour) (not Indian English)
eleg. elegant
esp., esp. especially
etc., etc. etcetera, and the like (as in x / y / etc.).
euph .euphemistic
fig. figurative
French
H. Hindi
head
: (adjective or adverb) when used with the following as head.
hist.
used in talking about historical matters (‘period’ colour)
iron.
ironical
joc.
jocular use
Latin
lit.
literary (not : literal)
loose
in loose usage
med. Medicinally
in India
negating implying
or expressing negation (of context)
negative
with explicit negative expression (of collocation)
not
used as a warning to the reader – what follows
is not recommended
obj : with
the following as typical object(s)
obsolescent
nearly obsolete (totally obsolete items or usages have no place in a
description
of contemporary Marathi)
often
weaker than usu.
opp.
opposite.
opposed
o/v
: as object to the following verb(s)
Pers.
Persian
pl. plural; in
pl. used with the appropriate plural form
plant
name
pop. Popular, non-technical
prov.
Proverbial
resp.,
resp., respectively
Skt.
Sanskrit
sg.
singular
slang
specif.
specifically, specified
subject:
with the following as typical subject(s)
s/v
: as subject to the following verb(s)
syn
: synonymous in this use with the following
tech.
Technical (cf. pop.)
token
type
typically
untranslated
not translated directly
Urdu
US
US-American usage
usu.
Usually (cf. often)
7. Thirteen sample entries now follow :
†ÓÖ/†ÖÓÖ ə̆ŋg [
ə̆] / ʹ
ăo/ʹ ao/oŋŋ
(only oŋg before[semi-vowel) N cf.
šәrir, dehə̆,
kaya,dhәḍ әŋgakhandya-, sәrvaŋgə̆.
1.
ʹang/0 ŋŋ
preferred; with2-c@
<body of a human being, esp. trunk as opposed to head and limbs >
body (in many collocations untranslated). Acә~lәvčik
ahe a has a lithe body; A is lithe, Acә~ duktә ahe/ taplә/gar pәḍlә/taṭhlә ahe/ {zәḍ}
zhalә ahe
A is aching / sore allover, A has got
a temperature, ditto: A feels cold to
the touch, A’s body has turned rigid, A stiff allover. Acә /#/ ~/#/ heәrṇә} ) A becaome stiff
all over. Acә~amblә ({ambṇә}). ~ {murәḍṇ}. Acә~moḍum alә A started feeling
/ began tofel feverish. X ogavәr kaḍhṇә etc, ) to put up wIth the X [without having it treated].
~ moḍun/ zhaḍun/ rakhun kam kәrṇә to work hard, to break
ONE’S back in working / ditto / to spare oneself in working, not to strain
oneself. Acә ~luḷә pәḍlә (A suffered from waxy flexibility/ cerea flexibilitas).
Ača
0 gac@
akḍa/ khurda/ paṇizhal@ A was doubled up in pain / a found himself hardly
in one piece (after a tiring journey, etc, / A was bathed in sweat. Ača
o
gala yet @/ bәst @ hot @, X Ača 0 gabә robәr/ ogc
@ ahe (X: garment) x A [snugly], X is [of] the right size for A. X Ačas0gilagl @ (X: food, a change of air, etc. job, action,
etc.) X suited A, X benefited A’s health, X benefited a, X was good for him, X
did A some good. A X0 gilavun
ghet’nahi A fails to show the benefit of X o. gapekṣa
{boŋga} žastə̆
Anә
Bsaṭhi
aplya 0 gači savli keli A put himself
between the sun and B, (fig) A devoted HIS life to protecting sheltering B. Ača
0 gat X bhinlƏ (X: poison etc) X spread throughout
A’s body
1a.
< body of human being as it presents itself to
others, esp. trunk as opposed to head and limbs> person ( in many collocations untrnslated): skin. dhәṇә/ṭakṇә
to fill out, to put on flesh/ to become thinner, to lose flesh, Aa~alә
ahe, A 0 gane bhәrl @ ahe, Acә
~ su ṭlә
ahe A has filled out, A has put on flesh. Ača 0 ga {ga{vәr}
dhavun zaṇә. Ača
0 gavәr hәtyare/ kepә·e hot@ had weapons/ clothes
on HIM, a had weapons / clothes on HIS
person. ~ dhṇәu
(subi : female,cf. aqŋghoḷ)
to take bath. Acә
sәgḷә/
әrdhә
~ bhazlә a was burned all over/ over half of HIS body. o gca/
0gaca mәḷ (skin dirt) dirt. A aplya 0 g[a] ca mәḷ deṇar nahi also (cF. čikku)
A is stingy. Ac ~ coḷṇә/lavṇә
)X: oil, soap etc) to rub/apply X all over A, to rub a with X. 0gavәrce
kes body hair:. Acә
~khaztә ahe a feels itchy. Acә ~ phuṭlә
his skin got chapped / cracked (the latter more serious). Ac ә ~phull ә
ahe A has a rash lal over (as: in an eruptive fever). Ača
0gavәr
·ag/ pho·/ {kaṭa}
/ et. uṭ hl @ A got spots/ bboils /
goosepimple [s] {on HIS skin]. 0 gacә
{sai} nighalә the skin peeled off. ma#z̆ha 0 gala gham phuṭla
A was in sweat all over; A was in cold sweat (in fear). {ocәṭ
i}
s/ la zaṇә.
1b euph esp. some set collocations.
1b1
< breast[s] of a woman > o
gavәr {pәdәr}
gheṇә
0 gaver piṇә
to suck to feed at the breast,. o gavәr pazṇә
to
give suck to, to feed at the breast to nurse.
ogavәrc@ to·ṇә
to wean. Ača o gavәr
mul ahe A is a Mursing mother. ogav
әrcә
{dudh 1a}
1b2 syn:
šәrir, dehә < utero-vaginal canal > Ača
0gavәr
[un/cә] zatә ahe (vaginal discharge –menstaltrual,
morbid, during pregnancy, or at the onset of or after labour,cf, vi ṭaḷ
dhup ṇi) there
is a show (menstrual or at the onset of labour), A is having a bleeding (esp.
non-menstrual ). ~ baher alә
(prolapsusuteri) there was a falling off of the womb.
1b3 syn: š әrir,
dehǝ̆< rectum> Acә ~ baher alә
(cf. hәgeru) (prolapsus ani) A had a prolapse of the rectum.
1c < seLf, self hood, person, esp. I seat
of [leagal[responṣibility>
ONEself in many collocations untranslated X 0gavәr svәtavәr
gheṇә
(X: Kam, etc. ) to take X upon ONEself, to assume responsibility for [doing] X.
X Ača
0gavәr
pәḍhl@ (X: job,, merchandise, etc.
) A was stuck with X. X. Ača 0gavәr/0 gaši / A vәr al @ betl @ šekl@ (X: decision, trick, deal etc.
, verbs in ascending order of seriousness) X landed A into trouble. brought A to grief, X backfired on A (contrary to A’s intent). 0
gabaher/0 gavegḷ @ kәrṇә/ ṭakṇә/
ṭakṇә
to wash ONE’s hands of , to get out of to refuse [to accept], to back out of. A ča 0 gala/ APa dhәs lagli A sustained a personal loss. 0 gavәr bandhlә built a house on HIS own. 0 gca dhәni (self-employed
or with a private incomer) ONE’s own master.
0 gc@ lihṇar (author
of a will, poem etc. in autograph).
Ala 0 gavәr pәyse
die lent money to A without any security (as: wages before the job is done. ) Ača 0vәr
/ Avәr bazu ali uiәṭli A got the worse
of it. A was worsted (in an argument/etc.,) {0udhar}. Bne Ača
0gavәr pәyse hecle/(hevle) hote B let A keep the
money to be repaid later / A owed B (the) money.
2 0gc @ by the side of 0gac@ .<
nature of a person, esp innate nature> nature, character.
0 gč i kәla innate skill. A 0gc@ kәlavәnt/ kәlpәk/
duǝṣṭǝ̆/ etc.
ahe (syn:{baḍ} ac @ A
is an artist/ imaginative/ malicious/ etc. by nature. Ač a 0gi/0gatX
bhәrl@ khiḷll @ ahe (X: fault) A is X-ridden,
A is riddled with X. Ača 0 gi/ 0gat
X ahe (X: good. bad quality) A is X (dbj.) A has X (sb.) [in HIM] there is X in
A,.
2a 0 gc@ (which is an integral part, etc )
0gcә {kulup} (built-in-lock)
. 0 gca zhә ra sYn : { živәntǝ̆} zhәra(not seasonal).
0gcә kәpaṭ (cupboard built into the wall).
0 gca daṇḍa (handle
carved integrally, not attached ).
2b < marked ability in a particular sphere of
activity> aptitude, talent, flair. Ala Xcә ~ ahe/ nahi A has a/no talent
for X. Xat~ dakhәvnә to show
a skill/an aptitude for X.
3.
eleg.lit < constituent of a whole > part, portion,
branch. {cәturәngәǝ̆}
sena. ar 0gә (in chess,
the four classes of pieces- pawns, horses, camels, elephants, resp. pawns, knights,
bishops, rooks- other than the king and the vizIer- i.o. queen). Prәdhan/gәvṇ~principal/subsidiary part/element. ticә әŋg{әn̆} -әŋgǝ̆
/{ әŋgǝ̆ -prәttyәŋgǝ̆
bhizlә (every part of of her person
was wet) she was wet all over.
4.
3a cf.
bazu< [partfacing] a specific direction> side. X ča pučhča
0gala at the front/ in front of X. X ča ari/sә
gya 0gala on all sides of/ all around X. uzvya 0 ganә from the right.
A č a oganә (also# fig) to
wards A (as of: sympathy, etc.)
avya 0gavә r zhopl @ lay/slept on HIS left side. Ača
avya 0gala zhopl@ lay/slept to the left o f A, A’s lsft. Ala
eka 0gala ghee to take A aside/ to one side.
3b
syn: upaŋǝ̆
< subsidiary part or appendage>. {vedaŋgǝ̆} . vivahat hom ha mukkahy
ǝ̆, iter kevәḷ 0gә {hom} is the main thing
in a wedding, the rest are frills( colloq.) / subsidiary
3c aspect, side. {sәŋgi:t} ači
0gә (aspects of music –{lәy}, {svәr} etc.),
4 cf. lәkṣǝ̆<
participation, responsible involvement, esp. not widely known> hand.
Acә Xmәdhe ~ hotә/ nә vhtә
A had a/no hand in X, A was/ wasn’t [a] party to X. Anә Xmәdhe~ ghatlә
A took part in X. Anә Xmә dhun~ kaḍhlә
A withdrew from X. ~ lәpәṇә to disclaim/ conceal ONE’s part.
4a <
advantageous acquaintance with person in authority>contact[s], influence, connections.
Acә sәrkarat/ dәrbarat~ ahe A has contacts in the
Government/ Court.
5 ~ ghasṇә
to sustain personal loss (for the sake of X/A). ‖
~ coṇә1
to duck (from a blow), to shrink (from a collision), to make ONE self look small
(out of shame etc.). ~ corun zaṇә to squeeze [ONEself ] (through an opening ). 2 cf. {0
cor} to shirk (from doing ONE’s best). ‖ ~ zhakә 1{~1a} to cover ONEself [up]
(just enough for modesty), to throw something on {~1a} to pull ONE’s skirt bouse/etc.,
down ( as: a woman rearranging
her clothing for modesty). 2. syn {~4} lәpәvṇә
‖~ zhaṇә
1 (subj: dog, etc.) to shake ONEself. 2 to strain ONEself. 3 to deny ONE’s
involvement/ guilt ‖~ṭakṇә
1 to lose flesh. 2 to throw ONEself. down as: child in tantrum). 3 (syn:pәḍṇә
) to lie down, stretch out ( as:
for a brief rest). ‖~ dakhәvṇә
1 to show talent/ promise. 2 (usu. in negative collocations to show ONE’s
hand (Brit.), to tip ONE’s hand (US) (in some activity). ‖~ moḍṇә 1 see {~1}. 2 syn:
{~5} coṇә‖ ~ rakhṇә
1 see {~1}. 2syn: {~5} corṇә 3 to take care of
ONE’self, ONE’s own interests. ‖ ~ savәrṇә 1 to walk steadily (as: with a toddler). 2
to put on flesh again(as: in convalescence). ~ savrun bәḍṇә1
syn: {0vә½ṇi} pәsṇә (to sit compactly, opp, to sit sprawling).
‖ 0gakhali pәḍṇә1 syn: {0vә½ṇi} pәḍṇә
2 (subj: woman) Ača 0 gakhali pәḍṇә
syn: Ala Ogavәr gheṇ
ә to let A make love to ONEself
. ‖ 0 gakhaLi ghalṇә (subj: male)
to take as a mistakes.
** 6 X Ača 0gaši/gavәr
aI @ 1 (X: heavy food) X made A drowsy. 2 (X: action) see {~lc} . ‖ B Ača 0 ga{vәr} [dhavun] ala / gela B rushed
at A. ‖ Ača 0gat{vat} / varәširl@ ‖ Ača 0 gavәrun{varә} gelә
‖ Ača
0 gat [varә] galә / širlә
/sәcšarlә ahe A is possessed; A is acting as if possessed.
Ača 0gat X alә / širlә ahe (X: name of spirit, fig desire etc.) A
is possessed by X. ‖ 0 gači savli kә rṇә ({~1}). ‖
ti*papәḍ
}zhala.
†ÓŸÖÃÖÖ»Ö ‘ әntәr –sal /’ă0
{әntәr, sal} Fitech.
1< cortex, inner layer of the bark, typically the med.
prized part of the plant> inner bark.
2
syn: {әntәstvәča} < dermis>.
1 ú¾Ö›üÖ ‘kәvḍa{kәvḍi-a} M animal
name, cf. kәbutәr, any of various smaller species of family Columbidae.
all fruit-eating wild birds small game, specif.—
1 Urdu cittā fāxtā < Streptopelia
chinensis, (Gmel.) Scopoli= Turtur surantesia, Gmel; of il omen if it enters a
house for Hindus> Indian spotted /speckled dove.
2.
Urdu dhaur fāxtā
< S. decaoto, Frivaldszky, proper; larger, lighter-colored>Indian ringdove.
3.
< s. risoria. , L. + T. risorius:,l; buff-colored
of se. Europe and Asia > [common] ringdove.
4.
lal~, syn: hola.
4a Urdu
īnṭ , fāxtā <S. senegalensis,
L., cambayemsis, Gmel.=T. cambayensis, Gmel.,; smaller, brown> Indian brown
dove.
4b
Urdu totrā fāxtā <Oenopopelia tranquebarica, Hermann: brown-red
trainable> red turtledove.
2 ú¾Ö›üÖ ‘kəvəa {k əvi,- ḍ a} M joc., contemptuous< > poetater.
ÖÖêšü goṣṭ
[ǝ̆]Fi
1. cf.
kətha,
kəhaṇi,
həkigət,
Kissa, akkhyayika, dəntǝ̆-kətha,
o/v saŋgṇə
< account of an incident, either fictions or fiction like in interest,
whether told informally (as: in entertaining children) or composed s a piece of
folk or artistic literature> story,
tale, (lit and in some set collocations). ~ ithe səmpət
nahi aṇ
khi puḍhe ahe the story does not end here:
there is more [of it]. urleli ~ udya saŋgen I’ll
tell you the rest of the story tomorrow.
aži, məla ~ saŋg
tel me a story, grandma. šivažiča 0ṭi
the stories about Shiva. ramači ~ the story of Rama. moṭhya
lokanča choṭya 0ṭi little
–known stories about well known people~ rəcṇə
to make up a story (fictitious)
. 0ṭitl@ mulga/ manzər
the boy/cat in the story.
la syn.
tech: kəthanək
< account of what happens in a fictional piece of literature, a stage play,
etc. > story, plot, məla tya kadəmbəriči / siennači~
saŋg tell me the story /plot of the
nove/ film, tell me what happens in the nove/ film.
1b pop.,
syn: {ləghukətha},
o/v lihṇə
2a cf.
bhag, prəsəŋgəhǝ̆, mathiti:
s/v hoṇə, ghədṇə
mahit əṣṇə,
oḷəkhṇə,
etc., o/v kərṇə,
saŋgṇə, taḍṇə,
etc., often omissible< the incident, the action, the fact in question,
what has been told, etc., > thing, matter (both more often replaced by it,
that, etc.). hou/ ghəḍu
nəye
ti ~ te zhal @ ghəḍli@ the thing that/ what
should not have happened has happened. mi sangitleli~/sangitlelə
tu kel@ s ka? did you do the job that/ what I told you to? ~ ghəḍ li təši/zəsə
ghəḍləl təsə saŋg
tell me the incident the way it happened. Hi,~ he mi taḍl@
I guessed as much. amča izobarča
veḷči ~ let time tell you something
from your grandfather’s time. ~ nighali mhəṇum
saŋgto
since the matter has come up, let me tell you
the whole story. šri: məntanči ~ niraḷi
ahe as for the rich, that is a different matter/ story. ži~A/Xči
tic [~] B/Yči what is true of a/
x is also true of B/Y. to lac gheto hi~ / he mi ḍoḷyanni
pahil@ ahe he accepts bribes – I have seen that with my own eyes.
vaḍ -və ḍlam-pasum
calət
aleya 0ṭi the practices handed down from
our forefathers. hi məla
nə
pəṭnari
~ ahe this is something I cannot te accept.
2b colloq.,
syn: vəstu2.
2c colloq.,
syn: čiz 2.
3a
< reference, mention>. X/Ači
~ kaḍhṇə/kərṇə
to make a reference to X/A, to bring up the subject of X/A
3b
oṭi pl.
syn: gəppa (1gppǝ̆}),
gəppa-0ṭi 0ṭi
kərṇə
to chat. [moṭhmoṭhya] 0ṭi krəṇə /saŋgnə to
talk big (US). Ala 0ṭi šikəvṇe also
often iron. (to tender advice to A patronizingly without being in the position
to do so).
¤üÆüß /0
== də’hi
N (pl. 0 hyə obl. 0hya), usu.
in sg. syn: dədhi (lit.) Skt dadhi, H. dahī
f. dudh *** 5, {virəṇə}, pənčǝ̆-gəvvyǝ̆;
o/v, s/v {virəzṇə}
1 < milk food, of custard
–like consistency and [sub] acid taste, produced by curdling warm milk using a
lactic acid starter with cultures of Lactobacillus spp and Streptococcus
spp., typically L. bulgaricus in S. India and S. thermopiles in N. India-also
used med. and as base for producing l oṭi
1, tak, tup, čəkka; comp yog[h] urt > dahi
(EI), curd {s] (EI, otherwise a wider term). sayicə~ creamy dahi ( comp. sour
cream). 0 hyatlə paṇi
whey (actually a wider term). 0hyala
paṇi suṭlə
a lot of whey separated from ~ (sign of poorly made/ preserved~). 0hyatl
@ (head: košimbir, etc., salads, sauces; with~
added). 0 hyači kəvḍi
(unbroken lump as opposed to whey /
scrambled mass). 0 hyači
kəvḍi/
~ moḍ1 @ lost the consistency and got scrambled). 0 hyači
kəvḍ
i
ghal can I have some ~? ~ phə sphəslə/
čitavlə/
boḷlə see phəsphəsṇə,
etc. Ača hatavər
~ ghalṇə
(to offer a little dahi to A–customary
where A is a parting member of the family or a parting guest who one hopes will
return).
2 ~ khau ki {məhi}
khau əsə
Ala zhalə A could
not make up his mind as to which of two things
to do; A wanted to have the cake and eat it too.
1 ³ÖÖÓÖ ‘ bhaŋg M o/v : kaḍhṇə, paḍṇə < parting of the hair- frowned upon in males among
orthodox Hindus> [ḍavikəḍe/ mədhe] ~ paḍṇə /kaḍhṇə to part the hair [ in the
left/ middle]. ~ phaṭla (the parting became more prominent because of loss of hair
along the line).
2 ³ÖÖÓÖ ‘ bhaŋg Fa plant name
1 cf, tag, əmbaḍi; Ski. bhaṅgā, vijayā, H. bhānga, gāñjā, Persian bang, Arabic ḥašīš < Cannabis sativa, L. = C. indicia, L; tall, erect, annual,
dioeciously herb- cultivated, used med., source of fiber
for canvas, tarpaulin: gum; narcotic and intoxicant substances> [Indian] hemp,
bhang, cannabis.
2 o/v: gheṇə (consume,), , ghoṭṇə (prepare), cəḍhəvṇə (make stronger). < pounded green or dried shoots leaves,
flowering tops of ~ 1 – chewed, drunk, or smoked for narcotic or intoxicant effects,
sacred to Shiva > bhang, hemp, cannabis, hashish.) 0eči goḷi (ball made for chewing).
al ~ cəḍhli a got intoxicated with bhang.
2a
syn: ghoṭa, thəṇḍai, o/v piṇə
(drink) < infusion with milk from ~ 2, mildly
intoxicant, coolant >
3 0
get tuḷs (said of a {satvik} person
in normally unpromising environment).***4 {~2, 2a} should be distinguished from
the following – in roughly ascending order of
strength: ganža (dried pistil late flowering
tops, with resinous content, smoked) marijuana, cannabis.. kusumba (infusion of
green tops with pepper etc. for drinking).. čərəs (dried resin separated from
young pistil-late shoots and flowering tops, smoked for strong narcotic effect)
‖ həšiš
(dried leaves
or seed husks).
´ÖÖ¸üÖê / 0Öë == ‘ marṇə {mərṇə
causal } VT
1 cf ‘ marṇə‘ marək
( adjective).
1a often distinguished from {~za} as: ṭhar/živaniši ~, 0 run ṭakŋə < > to kill,
slay (lit); murder. Anə gail 0lə/gay marli(A : human, animal;
cf. { ~ 2a} ) A killed/slaughtered the cow. ramanə ravṇala 0 lə Rama slew Ravaṇa. šətruce pacše lok 0 le 500 of the enemy were killed. heku 0 aycə əcṣdh (medicine for killing bedbugs)
bedug-killer. 0 u kin vva n əru
əsa nirdhar the resolve either
to kill or be killed/ o do or die. Ala
bndukinə~
to shoot A [down] [with a gun].
1b obj: strong smell, taste, pain, feeling, etc. < to
eliminate or diminish > to suppress/ deaden/kill. bhuk/təhan~ to suppress pangs of hunger
/ thirst; (to let hunger/thirst remain unsatisfied till it is forgotten) to get
past eating / drinking.
1c
cf. kaṭṇə,
{auṭ} kərṇə;
obj: player or piece in certain games< to overcome and render ineffective
in the play> to take / capture (chess piece), to trump (card), to knock/get
out (player of opposite team in khokho, etc.) Anə
Bc@ pyadə/
ekka 01@ A took B’s pawn/ trumped B’s ace.
2 cf, thokṇə,
haṇṇə;
mat, mara (both nouns).
2a cf. kaṇḍṇə,
kuṭṇə, čecṇhə,
piṭṇə, bəḍəvṇə; səḍəkṇə;
obj. (always marker with –la): person, animal< to exert physical violence,
esp. by hitting, upon> to strike, beat,
hit, thrsah (intensely). A ə
Bla phar 0lə A beat B soundly, A gave B good thrashing. Ala
Xvər~
(X: body part) to hit A on the X. hatanə
~ to strike[ with ONE’S fist], to spank (with the flat of one’s hand). lathenə
~ to kick. kaṭhin
̆ǝ / čhəḍinə
/dəgḍanə
~ strike/ hit with stick/cane/ stone (either
by throwing or striking) Anə
gaila 0lə (cf. {~la}) A hit beat the cow. Acə ok ~ (hist.) to behead,
execute. 0un piṭbhus
kərṇə to beat unmercifully/ into a jelly/ to a pulp.
2a
1 fig., obj: person <
to make ineffectual> to cripple, strike [down]. Ala pəyšanə
0lə
killed A with money. Ala vyəŋganə
0lə
the physical handicap struck him [down].
2b
obj. never with –la.
2b
1 cf. ləgavbṇə
bhəḍkavṇə,
obj: blow; weapon, missile< to cause(blow) or to use (weapon, missile)
with violence- upon person, object> to strike, hit, wield. Anə
Bča
ḍ
okyat/Bla thəppəḍ/kaṭhi
0li A gave B a blow / slap [on the head], A hit B [on the head ] with
a stick. Ane BčA
thobaḍit/
šri:
mukhat oli ({thoba}). Al h ya ~ to hit / fetch /catch A blows with a cane. Ala
dəgəḍ ~ (cf.
{~2a}) to throw a stone at A (may be ahit or a miss). Xla cabuk ~ to hit X with
a whip , to use the whip on X. bənduk
) ayla/ calvayla š ikl @ learned to use a gun (cf. Ayər
bənduk
/ goḷizhaḍnə
/ caləvṇə
to fire [ a gun/ a bullet] on A). təlvar~, dhar~ (obsolescent)
to wield a sword, (fig.) to wield the sword mightily, to do mighty deeds;
(fig) to perform great exploits.
2b2 cf. ṭhokṇə, haṇṇə,
obj: solid object hit or thrown, liquid in jet or spray < to send with
great force>. lakḍat
khiḷa/pacər
~ to drive a nail/ wedge into wood. əvṣədh
~ to spray insecticide/ etc.
2b2b usu.
in set collocations< to perform vigorously,
animatedly, with despatch, etc.> to make, have, do, play, etc. aroḷi
deṇə
/~
ṭhokṇə to let out a cry/ shout.
{hak}~ to call out (cf. hak deṇə to acknowledge a call by
shouting back). šii [ṭ] i ~
to whistle loudly. {bəyṭhək/
ṭomṇa/ tan/thap/ bəḍ hai/veṭh/
hak } ~ gəppa/
zor/ bəyṭhəka
(all pl.) ~ ({gəppa, zor, bəythək}).
soŋgṭyanca
ḍav
ou ya ek le’s have a quick game of pachisi. {ləghvi} ~ (slang) to
have a slash (Brit. slang).
2c cf. zhoḍṇe
bəḍəvṇə,
subj: rain, obj. dispended with < > to beat [down] ghərača
pəš
čimeča əŋgala
pavsanə/
paṇyanə
0lə
the rain beat: on the western side of the house.
3. colloq.
cf ṭhokṇə,
obj. never with –la, usu,. in set collocations< to obtain by
some smart or determined action > to get, have, take, make win, steal. məža ~ to
enjoy oneself hugely. sigareṭca
dəm/
zhurka ~ to take a drag / puff at the cigarette. Kusti ~ to win the wrestling bout [quickly]. car tas zhop 0li grabbed / snatched four hours’
sleep (in spite of adverse circumstances). zəra cəha/
soḍa
0u ya let’s go and have a quick cup of tea / bottle of pop (comp.
to knock back a drink). pəhila nəmbər
~ to get/ win first place. nəpha~
to make a big profit (by dubious means) (comp. to make a killing).
pakiṭ
/ghəḍ ḍyaḷ
~ to steal knock off (colloq.) the wallet/
watch.
*4. 0un (syn: səḍkun, rəgḍun, dabun,
copun, all colloq., with verb) in plenty, like mad, anything.
tyanə məla 0 un šivya
dilya he cursed / abused me up and down. ‖
otyca hat dh ərəvto pəṇ
boltyacə toṇd
dhərvət
nahi prov.}
**5 Ača gəḷyat
X~to get rid of X on to A. ‖Ači
{gaṇd}
~ not eleg. (to perform pederasty with A in the dominant rôle). ‖ gav ~ to loot/ ransack a
village. ‖ təlvar/ dhar
{~2b1} ‖ Ača mathi ~ to thrust/ impose
X on A maša ~ ({maši}). ‖ melelyala ou nəye don’t strike a dead man / a man when he is down.‖ vaṭ `to harass the roads to do highway robbery. ‖~0un neṇə
{1veḷ
2al}.
2 ´ÖÖ¸üÖê / 0Öë ‘ marṇə
{1marṇə}VI usu. in set collocations.
subj: smell pain shade trace <to be / become strikingly perceptible>.
ithə kəsl@ təri
vas/ ghaṇ 0ət
ahe there is some kind of smell / stink
around here, it smells / stinks around here. mažha
paṭhit
kəḷ
/cəmək
) 0li I felt / to a [shooting] pain in my back. X mədhe
Yči
{čhəṭa}
/ čhaya/
žhak 0te there
is an air/ a trace/something of Y in X.
1 ¾Öêôû===’veḷ Fa (with 2-a, 2-i,
2-c @ ) cf. 2 veḷ, prəsəŋgǝ̆,
səməy,
2ghəḍi, kaḷ khep,
vəkhət,
0prəsəŋgǝ̆
1 < point
or span of time marked on an axis as before or after or overlapping with another,
time as countable, French fois (as opposed to: temps)> time (countable).
hi pəhilic~
this is the first time. prəttyek/dər
0i/khepela every time. maglya
/puḍhlya
0i/ khepela on the previous/ next occasion, before/ later. kiti 0a/
kitida? how many times? divsatun ek/don~ 0a ževt@
has one/ two main meals a day. {veḷoveḷi/
veḷloveḷa}. No la N times.
2 < point
or span of time when something happened/ happens regularly / will happen or when
some state of affairs obtained/ will obtain –and specif. as such > time. ževayči~zhali
[ahe] it is meal time now, dinner is ready. ževayča 0i
at mealtime [s]. ževayča ~ ṭəḷi/houn
geli it is past meal time. pahṭeči/
səkaḷči/
duparči/
səndhyakaḷči/
ratri
či~ ([pəhat/ səkaḷetc
resp.) tinhisanz[e] ḷi~({tinhisanza}) dusk.
səkaḷči
~ hoti it was morning (at that time). ek~ əši
hoti ki P there was a time when P, time was when P (lit.) g ərdiči~ rush hour. gəḍbəḍiča
0li at a busy hour. kamači~ working hour. zhopayči
~ bedtime. gnai ~ the wedding hour. pəri:kṣeči
~ the time of the examination/ test; the hour of trial (point), testing time(span).
səŋkəṭača
0li in the hour of need, when ONE is in [real] trouble. gaḍiči
~ hot ali it is almost / nearly time for the train/ bus [to arrive/ to depart].
sinemača
0a showing times (at a cinema house). amča azobanča
0 i goṣṭə (cf. kaḷ)
let me tell you something from our grandfather’s time/day [s] hr[le] lya/ saŋgitr [le]
lya 0li at the appointed time. to vistəv peṭvət hota; tyac 0i
.. he was lighting a fire; at the same time/ just at that time.. hi Va yči
~ ahe nahi this is / isn’t time to V/ for Ving. Ala Vayči~
ali it fell to A’s lot to V, A had to V.
2a cf.
prəsəŋgǝ̆
<point or span of time characterizable by some quality or value—and specif.
as such > time, situation. əša 0li
at a time like this. bhəltya 0i at an inopportune moment,
at the wrong time; at an unearthly hour.
itki ~ yeipəryyəntǝ̆
tumhi svəsthǝ̆
bəslat?
did you do nothing until things had reached that point/ had gone that far? ant/thəṇḍǝ̆/allhaddyək
~ a quiet/ cool/ pleasant hour [of the day].
cornice ~ (suitable for thieves activity). to ithe bəsla tər//təri ck ~calelə // colla əstə
It will // would not matter if// even if he sits // were to sit here . ek~ əši
yeil ki P a time will come when P.
2a1 <
> time, occasion, situation. vaḍhdivsača
0i/ prəsəŋ gi
on the occasion of the birthday. anəndac@
~ / prəsəŋgǝ̆
happy/ joyous occasion. əša
0i/ prəsəŋgi
tumhi kay kə
ral? what will you do in a situation like that? 0ḷenusar/
prəsəŋganusar
as the occasion demands. ~ ? prəsəŋgǝ̆
al@ mhəṇže
if the occasion arises. oi/ prəsəŋǝ̆
gi/0prəsəŋgi
/ prəsə gala if the occasion
arises / demands. ~ / prəsəŋgǝ̆
pəḍl @ al@
tər
ditto.~ / prəsəŋ gǝ̆/ 0prəsəŋgǝ̆ al@cr tər təs~ /
prəsəŋgǝ̆ al@ tər if necessary; if it comes to
that, if comes to the push,
when the chips are down (the last three
progressively more serious in implication). ~ / prəsəŋǝ̆
nibhavl@ (VI) the situation was saved.
~ / prəsəŋǝ̆̆̆
nibhaval (VT)/ nibhavun neṇə to cope with a difficult situation. ~ / prəsəŋgǝ̆
marṇə/
marun neṇə to manage to make the best of a difficult occasion. ~ / prəsəŋgǝ̆
/ 0prəsəŋgǝ̆/
0vəkhət/kal0
/ 0kaḷ pahun/ oḷkhun
having assessed the situation, circumspectly.
Avər
[kəṭhiṇ/
bak@ ] prəsəŋgǝ̆/
~ betl@ oḍhəvl@
gudərl
@ a found himself in a difficult situation, A was having a tough time. ~ / 0 vəkhət saŋhun
yet nahi you never know what might happen / turn up. ~ ahe, prəsŋgǝ̆/
vəkhət
ahe; zəvəḷ
aṇkhi
pəyse
əsu
dya you never know what might happen /
turn up; take a few pounds/etc. extra wit
you. Avər
paṇyat
buḍnyač@
~ / prəsəŋgǝ̆/
paḷi
al@ A [was] once nearly drowned. Avər
Xč
@ / Vayč @ ~ prəsəŋgǝ̆
/ paḷil@
. (X, V: usu. unpleasant) a did
happen to V/ have occasion to V/etc. (neutral); it fell to A to kelə;
tya 0i/ prəsŋgi.. we staged a play/ got
married; on that occasion... ge;ya/ maglya/ magčca 0
ḷi/ prəsəŋgi khepela he last time on the previous occasion. puḍhlya 0ḷi/ etc.
the next time.
2b opp. ve
< point or span of
time regarded as opportune. convenient, appropriate, etc. - as
specif. in the context> time. gaḍi 0ḷevər
ali the train/ bus came on time (according to the schedule) / in time (for some purpose). mulinči
ləhnə 0[ča] 0ḷevər
zhali pahižet girls should be married at the proper time>
Anə 0
ḷela mədət keli A helped when help
was needed. Anə 0ḷvər
punctually, regularly. 0
ḷ eča səmpl@ was over before the
proper time.
2bl syn: 1 səndhi F < > opportunity, chance. ~ [nighun]
geli the opportunity was lost. ~ sadhṇə
to find the right time. ~ ghaləvṇə dəvəṇə (cf {2 ~1 }) to miss ONE’s chance,
to let the opportunity slip [through ]
ONE’S fingers]].
2c < point or span of time regarded
from the standpoint of astrology as auspicious, etc. esp. one of the cycle of 8 spans of 1½
hours each into which
a day night is divided> [ekeka] 0ḷca
guṇ
sto! every moment has its factorable or adverse effect. kamala ~ cagli/ vaiṭ
lagli it turned out to be an auspicious/
inauspicious time for the undertaking. zati/yeti ~ time of loss/ gain. {ghat0}, {
əmrɨt0}, etc. ({-vela}).
3 < the particular scaling of the time axis agrred on conventionally
for timing clocks> time. sthanik/ prəmaə
~ local / standard ~. bharəti: yǝ̆ prəmaṇ 0
Indian Standard Time (I. S. T., 5½ hours ahead of G.
M. T.). gri: niž prəmaṇ0 Greenwich Mean Time (G.M.T.).
4 ~ bhərli
9{2ghəḍi}) the time is up. ǁ 0ḷecə bhan {2veḷ 1}.ǁ ~ səmpli syn: veḷ sə mpla ({2veḷ 1b)}) the time is up. ǁ
0ḷeča əbhavi syn: veḷača əbhavi ({2ve
1}) for want of time.
** 5 { kaḷ ala hota pəṇ
~ali nəvhti prov.) ǁ
mədeli ~ {~1} also < [ the
time of ] the minor meal halfway between
the two main meals –around 3-5 p. m.
> ǁ ek ~ P təri calel, p təri ek ~ calel (P: with V 1@ also with ekhadya 0
ḷela /0
ḷes for ek ~ ) it would do if P; one may
not mind so much if P (but.. )
2
¾Öêôû ‘ veḷ M cf. 1 veḷ, ka ḷ səməy.
1 < time as measurable, acceptable,
spend able, esp. in relatively
short stretches measured by the clock
rather than by the calendar, French temps (as opposed to fois)> time. Survatica ~ [ the time at] the beginning. Don gaḍyanča mədhla kiti ~ illk ahe ? puṣ kəḷ / thoḍa. how much time is left? a
lot / a little.kiti ~ he calṇar ahe? puṣkəḷ / thoḍa
~ calel. [for] how long will this go on
? it will go on [for] a long/ short time / while. (while rather lit.) zaṇya-yeṇya –mədhe tyaca bərac/ phar/ puṣkəḷ ~ [ phukəṭ
] moḍto/ zato he has to spend / waste a lot of [his] time going and coming. tyaca~ bəra/ məžet
zato he passes the time pleasantly.
itka / bərac / thoḍa ~ to kahi bollac nahi he
did not say anything for all this / a long/ short time/ while. mədhala ~ phukəṭ gela the time. ~ kaḍṇə/ ghaləvṇə / dəvḍṇə to while away time. zəra 0ḷanə after some time, after a while,
a little later. Vayla/X saṭhi [Aca] ~ gheṇə to take up some [of A’s] time
for X/to V. ~ khaṇə to aside spare time for A/X saṭhi ~ kaḍhṇə to set aside spare time for A/X . 0
ḷat~ kaḍhṇə to manage to spare some time.
Al: ~ phavla obsolescent
A got some spare time. gatanna
~ kuṭhe / kəsa [nighun] gela [te] amhala kəḷlə nahi we couldn’t make out where the time had gone to while we were
singing, we [completely] lost track of the time while we were singing. Al 0
ḷacə bhan ahe (syn : veḷecə
bhan ) A keeps track of time. phursətica ~ leisure time
/ hours. rikama ~ free time. kamaca ~
( cf. kamači { 1 veḷ 2} ) ( time available for
working) working time. Ala Vayla ~ lagla A took a lot of / a little time to V.
0ḷača əbhavi ( syn: veḷeča əbhavi ) for want of time.
1a syn:
puṣkəḷ ~ < > a lot of time. Ala ~ lagla ~ lagla
A took a lot of time.
1b syn: və dhi 2 < period of alloted
time> ~ səmpla/ bhərla (syn: {1
veḷ
4} səmpli/
bhəli,
{2 ghərli} bhərli
) the time is up.
2 syn.
əvəkaš 2 <
period of unoccupied time>
2a in loose use, syn: ušir < > delay.
2b ~
phavla ~ , syn : əvəvkaš
2b < spare time >. phavya 0 ḷat in
spare time.
** 3 Ala ~ zhala 1 A was late. 2 A could spare some
time.
¿Ö²¤ü ‘šəbdǝ̆ M
1
lit., tech.; cf. viṣəy, avaz, dhvəni;
məhabhut.
1a s/v:
hoṇə
nighṇə
< sensum of hearing > sound. {niš 01} full of silence.
1b o/v:
kərṇə
< vocal sound by animate being >. pəkṣi
mənžuḷ
~ kərit
hote birds were making sweet sounds /
were chirping sweetly. tyača toṇḍun ~ phuṭe
na he couldn’t utter a sound.
2a usu.
in negating context < stretch of meaningful human speech, especially one
as short as a word > kamabəggəl [ek] ~ / 0
danə
bolla nahi didn’t say a word / thing about the work. ~ kaḍhu nəko!
don’t say a word mažha toṇḍun ~ nighun
gela the word escaped me/ my lips. { čəkar~}. {niš
0 2} silent. don~ bolṇə to say a few words to make a brief speech.
2b often
in pl; cf. bol < act of linguistic communication, content of such an
act –as : promise, prediction, request, wish, censure, etc., usu.
specif. by the context >.
ragaca ~ word of anger. don~saŋgṇə
to say a few words (of advice, information, etc. ). ~ (pl.) mage gheṇə
to withdraw ONE’s words, to take back what ONE said, to eat words ( under humiliating
circumstances). Ala~ deṇә [ki P] to give ONE’S
word to A [that P]. Aca ~ khoṭa pəḍla / ṭhrәla
A’s promise was not made good, A’s recommendation failed to carry weight. Anә
apl@ ~ khər@ sg. o pl.) kel2 A made good his
words, A was as good as his word. Aca ~ khər @ khoṭ
@ zhal @ (sg. or pl.) A’s prediction came true/ false. {bol} /~ lavṇə etc. əkherca ~ last word. Aca ~ khali p
ə
la nahi A’s word did not go unheeded / unchallenged. Aca ~ zhelṇə to accede to A’s wishes. Azəvəḷ
[Bsaəhi]
~ ṭakṇә
to put in / to have a word with A [for B]. Aca ~ manṇә
to show regard for A’s word. 0 danә ~ vaḍhto a word
in anger leads to another. {0da0di}.
2c <
piece of communication carrying [divine] authority> authority; the Word [of
god]. 0{[prәmaǝ}.
0{brǝmmhǝ̆.}
3
often in
pl., cf. әrthǝ̆ <
linguistic communication in its outward, formal, stylistic aspect, as opposed
to meaning, content, experience, knowledge,
action- usu. specif. i by the context>. kay vaṭlǝ te mǝla 0da [m] mǝdhe saƞgta yet nahi I can’t say in words what I felt. 0dalǝƞkar ({ǝlǝƞkar}).
thoḍya/ mozkya/ goḍ/ etc. 0dat
sangitlǝ said in a few
/ in a few measured / in nice/ etc. words. 0bdanči / {šabdik} kǝsrǝk verbal acrobatics. {šahṇyala 0daca
mar prov }~ nǝkot, kriti pahiže! not words but deeds acta non verba (Latin_). gaṇ yace ~ aṇi cal the words / lyrics and the tune / melody/ music
of a song.
4 cf . pǝd, vakkyǝ̆
4a < word-token,
spoken or written, as a division of a sentence > word, pǝhilya 9 )
danna75 pǝyse
75 paisas for the first 9 words~ khaṇǝ gaḷṇǝ to
omit a word by mistake (not: to eat
ONE’S word). 0dacǝ {vyakǝrǝƞ} saƞgṇǝ to
parse a word.
4b word-type,
spoke nor written, as a dictionary entry; inflectional set organized around the
basic member, esp nominal set>
word . nǝdi
~ calǝvṇǝ to
decline the word nadi. {0sǝgrǝgǝ̆} vocabulary. {0koš}. {0bdarthǝ̆} gloss for a word.
Abstract: After preliminary remarks
relating dictionary-making to linguistic theory, Encyclopedias, and Word finders
(§§ 1,2), the paper proposes an ideal format for the entry of an unabridged dictionary
– a 2-part entry- heading, a 5-part body of the entry, and supplementary information
(§ 3). Some Comments on typological format (§4) follow, as also observations on
the raison d’ ê tre of the selection of entries, the constituents
of an entry, and the arrangement of the entries and their internal constituents
(§5).
As
a concrete illustration of a wide variety of problems before a practicing lexicographer,
a selection of entries for a possible Marathi-English dictionary is then presented
(§7), Prefaced by an explanation of topographical and other conventions followed
in these (§6).
A
grain is enough to tell us whether the rice is well-cooked.
-
A Marathi proverb.
COLOPHON
The first half of the paper (§§ 1 to 4) and some fragmentary entries were presented at the Conference
on Dictionary Making in Indian Languages held under the auspices of the Central
Institute of Indian Languages Mysore at the All India Writers’ Home, Mysore from
25to 28 March 1970. The paper as a whole
was published in Indian linguistics Volumes 26, 1968, 27, 1969 (published in 1970,
1973, section 3- has been inserted later.
The sample dictionary entries are chips from an abandoned
workshop- in which I had the pleasure of collaborating with Dr. Franklin C. SOUTHWORTH,
Dr. I.M.P. RAESIDE and Dr. Naresh B. KAVADI. With one exception they represent
my contribution-which which has benefited from the other’s suggestions. The entries
on nāra ṇen
and 2 nāraṇen
were first drafted by Dr. RAESIDE and then extensively revised by me. For
the present form of the entries, of course. I am alone responsible. Dr. M.A. MEHENDALE
saw an earlier version of this paper and made many useful suggestions.
It is my privilege to dedicate it to Dr.. S. M. KATRE
who has done so much for Indian lexicography.
