2.2.4.5.
Possessive Pronouns:
In Konyak there is no possessive marker
as such. But there are many forms which
are used in this function restrictively.
These forms function as possessive personal pronouns. They are used only in singular and in 1st
and 2nd persons only.
Elsewhere the regular personal markers are used in this function.
The exclusive possessive pronouns and the
other personal pronouns used as possessive pronouns are listed below-
Sg. pl.
1st
Person: Ə `my' timan `our' (inclusive)
tom `my' tuman `our' (exclusive)
té `my' (té) `our'
2nd
Person: ni `your' numan
`your'
nom `your'
nàŋ `your'
3rd
Person: e `his' }
} iman
`their's'
ya `hers'}
tƏw `its' } tƏwlan `theirs'
The above list clearly shows that except
for 1st and 2nd person singular forms, all others are
same as the regular personal pronouns.
First
Person: Among the first person
possessive markers tom and te are restricted in
distribution. They occur only with these
forms-
i. tom-
-ciŋ `village' à tomciŋ `my village'
-pan `morung
(boy's) à tompan `my morung' (boy)
-yo? `girls
club' à tomyo? `my morung' (girl)
-Əy `people' à tomƏy `my people'
tom conveys a sense of
`collectiveness'
ii. té-
-nòk `house' ténòk `my family'
-ka? `field' téka? `my field'
té also conveys a sense of
`collectively'. So it can be used in
`plural' sense also. So it is placed in
`plural'.
iii. Ə
used elsewhere.
-lay `book' Əlay `my book'
-laypan `school' Əlaypan `my school'
-yàklan `hands' Əàklan `my hands', etc.
In plural as stated above regular
personal pronouns are used. eg.-
tumanka? `our
field'
tumanka?ta `our people'
timannòklan `our houses'
timanciŋ `our
village'; etc.
Second
Person: Here also the first two forms are restricted in their distribution.
eg.-
i. ni- is used with these forms only-
ni-
nòk `house' ninòk `your house' (sg.)
ka? `field' nika? `your field' (sg.)
ii. nom- conveys a sense of collectivity. It is used with these forms only-
nom-
ciŋ `village' nomciŋ `your village' (sg.)
pan `morung' nompan `your morung' (sg.)
Əy `people' nomƏy `your group' (sg.)
or
(`group of people')
iii. nàŋ- This is the regular 2nd
person sg. personal pronoun. It is used
in possessive function elsewhere.
nàŋlay `your
book' (sg.)
1 2 1
2
nàŋmahaw `your
cattle' (sg.)
1 2 1
2
nàŋó `your
dress'
1 2 1
2
nàŋyàk `your
hand', etc.,
1 2 1
2
numan-
-nòk numannòk your house' (pl.)
1
2 1
2
-ka?talan numanka?talan `your people'
1 2 1 2
-kowƏypoŋ numankowƏypoŋ `your horse'
1
2 1
2
Third
Person: In third person as stated
above only personal pronouns are used in possessive function. eg.-
i. e-
-nòk enòk `his house'
-ák eák `his pig'
-ya eya `his foot'
-ha eha `his child' etc.,
ii.
ya-
-nòk yanòk `her house'
-taŋta yataŋta `her body'
-ciŋ yaciŋ `her village'
-lay yalay `her book'
iii. tƏw-
-nik `food' tƏwnik `it's
food'
-ŋin `money' tƏwŋin `it's money' etc.
iv. iman-
-nòklan
à imannòklan `their houses'
-nahalan
à imannahalan `their children'
-laypan
à imanlaypan `their school'
-saŋlan
à imansaŋlan `their heads', etc.
As noted above nous follow the possessive
marker in a construction.
Elsewhere the construction itself
indicates whether it is a possessive construction or not. eg.-
yàkiŋ `wrist' [yàk `hand', iŋ `neck']
tƏmyèŋ `milk' [tƏm `breast', yèŋ `water']
ñínók `tent' [ñi `cloth', nòk `house']
yƏwcu `arch' [yƏw `roof', cu `tip', `mouth']
etc.
When possessive pronouns take nouns the
resultant forms are structurally words.
2.2.4.6. Relative
Pronoun :
Relative pronoun is one which
relates one clause with another in such a way that NPs of embedded clause and
the matrix clause are co-referentially identical. In that situation one of the identical NPs
will be replaced by a relative pronoun.
In Konyak interrogative pronouns are used in this function. The interrogative pronouns used in this
function are the following-
1) Əwpe `when' 2) Əwyin `who' and 3) Əmpu `where'.
For
instance in-
Iman
Əwyin pƏyhú tumanhƏy pƏy
1 2 3 4 5
`they
who wanted to come came with us'
1
2 3 5 4
In this
construction two simple sentence are merged into one by using the relative
pronoun Əwyin `who'.
Usually the relative pronoun occurs at the beginning or end of the
relative clause. (For more details see.
3.3.4.5.)
2.2.4.7. Reflexive
Pronoun:
The reflexive pronoun is one
which marks the identity of two NPs in a simple sentence. The reflexive marker is ñiŋ in reduplicated
forms. Reflexive marker takes a personal
pronoun or yoy with it. Also
dative case marker te always occurs with the reflexive pronoun. It occurs following the reflexive pronoun.
eg:-
Əñiŋñiŋte `(to) myself' (Ə `my')
yoy ñiŋ ñiŋ te `(to) self'
(yoy `self')
eñiŋ ñiŋ te `(to) himself'
etc.,
(For details see. 3.3.4.2.)
2.2.5. Case
Semantically, case is the relation between
a subject and a predicate in a simple sentence.
Case may be defined morphologically on the basis of inflection;
syntactically as a feature of noun. In
Konyak the markers which are used to mark the case relations are suffixes as
they occur after the noun which they relate.
Also as these suffixes cannot be used in adverbial-function without
adding any other elements to these; these are treated as case suffixes.
The cases established for this language
and the case markers used to mark these cases are the following-
1. Nominative - Ø,
Ə
1.
Accusative (objective) – Ø; ceaŋ
2.
Instrumental – a, phƏy;
ciŋne
3.
Dative (goal) – te
4.
Ablative (source) – mƏpu
5.
Locative – me; kaye
6.
Sociative – phƏy
2.2.5.1. Nominative case :
Nominative is the subject. Subject is the one who does an action or one
who gets a work done. For instance in-
a) tuman
(Ə)
taynàŋ `we go'
1 2 1 2
e(Ə) pƏylƏk `he will come'
1 2 1 2
b) i.
tumannƏ
peliklan ha? `we ate fruits'
1 2 3
1
3 2
ii imannƏ nòkca wenàŋki `they are
building a house'
1 2 3 1
3 2
In (a) where the verb is intransitive,
nominative marker is optionally used.
But as it occurs in the sentence initial position, it marks the
subject. But in (b), the (b), the
subject marker is obligatory. (When the
case marker occurs after a nasal sound, the nasal gets geminated). Here also the subject marker is obligatory
only when the object is present, otherwise it is optional.
a)
eƏ
yate mƏymin
ha? tinne yo?
1 2
3 4
he persuaded her to eat meat'
1
4 2 3
imannƏ Əte
imanphey min sút kƏnne kàŋ
1
2 3 4 5
`they forced me to sit with them'
1 5 2
4 3
Here also the subject – the one who makes
one to do an action is in the Nominative case.
In tƏwƏ
hàtƏwpuŋaw léŋàŋ `I
like this story'
1 2 3 1 3
2
Here the subject is the experiencer of an
emotive action. In equational sentences
also the subject will be in nominative case. eg :-
eƏ Əpa `he is my father'
1
2 1
2
hàtƏwƏ
mahaw `this (is) a cow'
1 2 1 2
In the first
the subject is in nominative case.
Semantically though no action is involved, here `identification' is
involved. Similarly in the second
proximate demonstrative takes the subject marker and it marks the existence of
an object.
Further in utƏw laylannƏ ƏmƏnàŋ
1
2 3
`these books are good'
1 2 3
Here the subject utƏwlaylannƏ takes the nominative
case. It is in attributive relation with
the predicate.
When subject and object occur in a sentence
subject precedes the object. eg.:-
eƏ
naha ŋè `he saw the child'
1
2 3 1 3
2
áŋƏ
ka?ta Ətam wéhòkme toy
1
2 3 4
`the king killed some one
in War'
1 4 2
3
In an active sentence the
word order is-sub-adj-predicate, as can be observed above. When it is passivized the order changes into
obj-sub-V. Also in the passive deep
subject gets the instrumental case marker a.