Illustrations :

       eƏ naha ŋè               `he saw the child'

         1    2     3                 1    3           2

       NP₁ – NP₂ – V

       nahaƏ ea ŋè             `child was seen by him'

          1       2   3                  1             3           2

       NP₂ – NP₁ – a – V

       For details see Passivization 3.3.4.4.

       In affective sentences which are in a sense elliptical, as `subject' is absent overtly, the `object' takes the goal marker; as in –

       ete hep                    `he was hit'

         1    2                       1           2

       nahate u?nàŋ           `the boy is fed'

         1           2                         1         2

2.2.5.2.     Accusative (objective) Case :       

       This case relates the direct object in a sentence to its predicate.  This case relation is unmarked.  In an active sentence object occurs after the subject and before the predicate.  This word order indicates the object. eg.:-

 

       iannƏ sa?ñu toy        `they killed a tiger'

         Sub        Obj    V       1       3         2

       áŋƏkarica saklƏk      `the king will purchase a car'

          Sub       Obj    V         1       3         2

       When two objects occur in a single sentence, then usually one object occurs after the other object, before the verb.

       eƏ Əte hàtƏwlay pha           `he gave this book to me'

         1   2         3        4                1    4           3         2

       Sub  lo      Do        V

       In this sentence the Noun without any marker is the object- also called the `direct object'.  The other object which is called the `indirect object' occurs preceding the Do.  Also the IO takes the goal (dative) marker te.

       Similarly-

       tƏwƏ nàŋte layca pha         `I gave you a book'

          1        2       3     4            1   4     2       3

       Sub    IO       DO     V

       In affecative sentences the object takes the `goal' (dative) marker and not the `object' marker, as shown above, (as the `goal' case cannot occur without an `object').

       Though `object' occurs after the subject, it is possible to bring it before the subject.  Then it gets `focused', eg:-

       kùyha? hƏy tƏwƏ pƏylƏk yoŋ            `dogs food I have to bring'       

           1                2             3                           1          2                3

       Though the accusative case is unmarked, when the verb is of `communicative' type, the verb always takes an overt marker ceƏŋ.  eg:-                     

       eƏ imanceƏŋ è                   `he told about them'

        1    2        3  4                     1    4      3        2

       kòñàk ka?tòk hƏyáŋe ka? talan ceƏŋ…

           1         2            3            4        5

       `about Konyak land and people'

            5        1          2     3       4

       timannƏ tƏw ka? talan ceƏŋ ŋáwlƏk

            1         2         3         4         5

       `we will speak about those people'

          1     5               4        2         3

       This type is `objective' because when the verb is changed, this marker is not used and the `object' does not take any marker, eg:-

       yaƏ e  khúy? ñay               `she described him'

         1    2      3                           1        3           2

 

       eƏ iman minyóŋ pha           `he thanked them'

       1      3        2                        1       2         3

       tƏw ciŋne nàŋƏ hƏŋ pha laksí?

       1        2       3      4    5

       what will you give for it?

       4         3           5      2    1

       phƏy iŋ ciŋne ka? talannƏ lì

         1           2               3       4

       `people died on account of debt'

          3          4              2        1

       aciŋciŋne tƏwme tép Əŋo?

          1     2       3        4    5

       `on account/because of me there was a quarrel'

          2                                  1     3      5          4

2.2.5.3.  Instrumental case

       It is the inanimate force or object causally involved in the action or state identified by the verb.  The markers are a and phƏy.  While a is restricted for `passive' and `benefactive' constructions, phƏy is used elsewhere.  In some case either can be used, eg:-

       ete hanso a phƏy hepyáŋki                    `he was hit with the stick'

         1      2                     3                              1          3             2

       tumante imannƏ hanso a/phƏy satyáŋki

          1             2                3               4

       `we were beaten with sticks by them'

           1            4         3                  2

       In the above sentence a/phƏy can be used.  In the following sentences a is used (but phƏy cannot be used).

       yanmòkƏ imannƏ caŋ

              1             2      3

       `the animal was chased by them'

              1                       3         2

       tumannƏ imante hansoa sat

              1           2         3       4

       `we beat them with sticks'

          1     4       2              3

       tƏwe lay Əyàka áŋki

          1     2       3     4

       `I gave the book with my hand'

        1   4             2              3

       In benefactive sense also-

       nàŋa campua hátƏwtoy tƏwƏ sò

          1      2      3         4         5      6

       `by your help I completed this work'

           3    1     2    5        6        5      4

       tƏwe campua nòkme eƏ puca Ənpome   toy

           1       2    3      4      5     6            7              8      9

       `through my help he killed a snake in a house with the stick in  the

             3          1     2    5      9          6                4                                 8   

       evening'.

           7

       In passive constructions the deep subject takes instrumental marker a as illustrated above.

       -phƏy is used elsewhere eg:-

       imannƏ  pelan yaŋlan phƏy ák

            1           2        3               4

       `they cut the trees with the daws'

            1    4           2      3

       tƏwƏ hansolante wuphƏy sa?

             1          2              3        4

       `I tied the sticks with the rope'

        1   4           2        3

       nàŋe hàtƏw ñeytƏm phƏy wonne yiók

          1        2         3          4          5

       `you cannot play with this ball'

           1             5        4       2    3

       imannƏ yanphƏy hak nàŋki

            1            2           3

       `they are fighting with daws'

             1            3                  2

       `Cause' is also a sort of instrumental.  In surface level it is marked separately by the marker ciŋne `for', `because'.  Because it relates the causal relation of an action denoted by the predicate and the causal noun.

       For instance in-

       eƏ e lay ciŋne hiŋhƏw tawyáŋki

        1  2  3      4         5          6

       `he got the award for his book'

          1    6           5       4   2     3

       Here the causal relation is expressed between the `book' and the `award getting'.

       Similarly-

       hàtƏwƏ nàŋtaŋta ciŋne yimƏy

            1        2     3       4        5

       `this is not good for your health'

            1       5             4    2        3

       eƏ ku? Pu ciŋne phóèaŋ pane meaŋ

        1       2        3         4                  5

       `he was made a prisoner for robbery'

         1      5                   4        3       2

       tƏwƏ e ha ciŋne móŋsaŋ nàŋki

          1    2  3     4          5

       `I feel sorry for my son'

          1         5     4    2    3