3.1.3.2. ki?(e) ‘phrase:
This is an adverbial phrase consisting ki? (e) as
the nucleus. It can take the following
as its attributes.
i. Dem-ki?e hàki?e ‘like this’
təwki?e ‘like that’
This combination constitutes
a ‘word’
ii. NP-ki?e: mí?pan ‘like
boy of the other morung’
1 3 2 1
nawse ki?e
2 3
həycunlɨm ki?e ‘like without giving
any indication’
wakcɨŋ waŋləm ki?e ‘like/according to wakching
rule’
1 2 3 3 1 2
pəypu nawsiə əcəy ki?e ‘coming boy is my brother like’
1 2 3
4 1
2 3 4
3.2. Clauses
A clause is one which at the
barest minimum consists of a predicate.
A clause can consists of a NP in subject (slot) position and a VP in
predicate position. The verb in the VP
may be of ‘finite’ type. The resultant
construction is an independent clause which can occur in isolation and will
have all the characteristics of a well-formed independent sentence. In case the verb in the VP belongs to
‘nonfinite type’, then the resultant construction is a dependent clause, which
cannot occur in isolation and without fulfilling the characteristics of a well
formed independent sentence. The clause
can contain single words as in imperatives.
First, the first type will be discussed followed by a note on the second
type.
1.2.1.
The basic clause structures of Konyak are
determined on the basis of basic types of verbs established for this
language. In the section on verbs, verbs
are classified on the basis of semantics.
Here also the same will be illustrated further (in a modified way).
3.2.1.1. Equational clauses:
Here these are the following types:
i. Locational / Existential : eg. :
utəw pecà (ŋo?nàŋ) ‘that (is) a tree’
1 2 1 2
phawme yèŋyəncà ‘(there) is a river in the forest’
1 2 3 2 1
ŋo?nàŋ
3
ka?tokə əphame (ŋo?nàŋ) ‘the earth (is) below’, etc.
1 2 1 2
It is not always possible to distinguish between
locational vs. existential. So both are
put under one type.
In all these equational constructions the verb is optional.
ii. Identitive : Here the subject N is identified by predicate
noun, eg. :
eə nanpa (ŋo?nàŋ) ‘he (is) a labourer’
1 2 1 2
seycɨŋə woypa (ŋo?nàŋ) ‘Swiching (is) a leader’
1 2 1 2
eə
əpa (ŋo?nàŋ)
‘he (is) my father’
1 2 1 2
iii. Attributive : Here the subject Noun is given the same
attributes (qualities), eg. :
təwə we(nàŋ) ‘I (am) old’
1 2
1 2
hìyannə tey (nàŋ) ‘the
fox (is) clever’
1 2 2 2
hàtəw kowəypoŋə
‘this horse is white’
1 2 1
2 3
heŋ(nàŋ)
3
ténòkə ha(nàŋ) ‘my house (is) small’, etc.
1 2
1 2
Here as the adjectives function like verbs, i.e., they
can tke tense markers directly, the verb to be (ŋo?) is not required. That is why the tense marker alone (nàŋ) is placed in the brakets
above.
iv. Possessives
: These are two types. In case of inalienable possession, no
locative case marker is used, while in case of alienable possession the
locative case marker is used with the subject noun.
Here the predicate is not optional.
Inalienable Possession :
Eg. : emoylɨm*
ŋo?nàŋ ‘he has three children’
1 2 3 1 4
3 2
əhasɨkocà ŋo?nàŋ
‘I have one daughter’
1 2 3
1 3 2
(lit.
child-female-one-is)
An alternative1 way of formation of
inalienable possessives : - by using nòk:
Enòkme nawyalɨm ŋo?nàŋ ‘he has three daughters’
Ténòkme nawsiñí ŋo?nàŋ ‘I have two sons’
In these it may be noted that nòk2 aso means
‘family/a unit/house’.
Alienable possession:
tɨman me nòklan ŋo?nàŋ ‘we have houses’
1 2 3
1 3 2
əme ñitcà
ŋo?nàŋ ‘I have a knife’
1 2
3
1 3 2
-------------
*In absence of the predicate
e moylɨm becomes a possessive phrase meaning ‘his three
children’.
1. Possibly a dialectal variety
hàtəw(pe) kuyme yàklɨm ‘this
(tree) branch has three
1
2 3 4 1 2 5
4
ŋo?nàŋ
leaves’
5
3