3.2.1.2. Intransitives :
Here the verb does not require any other element besides
the subject to provide a complete thought, eg. :
Nawya(ə) səp ‘the
child cried’
1 2 1 2
e(ə)sì ‘he
slept’
1 2 1 2
ka?ta (hàkənme) pəy ‘the man came (here)’
1 2 3
1
3 2
nòkpɨlí cè ‘four
houses collapses’
1 2
3 2
1 3
3.2.1.3. Transitives :
Here the verb requires an object to provide a complete thought, eg. :
imannə pulɨm làŋ ‘they
killed three snakes’
1
2 3 4 1
4 3 2
Here imannə is NP sub. And pulɨm is NP
obj.
Similarly :
eə əmi əhañí pəy ‘he brought two small cats’
1 2
3 4 5 1
5 4 3
2
yaə yú botlñí yìŋ ‘she drank two bottles of
1 2
3 4 5 1
5 4 3
liquor’, etc.
3.2.1.4. Di-transitive :
Here the verb besides taking a DO requires another object
(called Indirect object) ; to provide a complete thought, concept, eg. :
eə
puŋawcà nawyate è ‘he told the girl a
story’
1
2 3 4 1
4 2 3
Here eə is the subject, puŋawcà is the DO; and nawyate is the indirect
object or goal.
Similarly:
eə nahate ləm əmpusise ‘he asked
the boy the way
tòŋ
where so’
eə yú ka?tate phà ‘he gave liquor to the man’, etc
3.2.1.5. The above four types take care of all the situations
except one which is referred to in the verb section (2.4.1.) called Ambient
type, where actually a noun is not required; so a dummy noun “it” is used. This is restricted to a few verbs, of this
type. To repeat, for instance in
waykəyŋáŋki ‘it
rains/raining’
here waykəy means ‘rain’, n&v. It does not take any other noun when it
becomes a verb. Or it cannot be repeated
as *waykəy waykəy nàŋki ‘rain is raining’.
Therefore the verbs of this type are treated as belonging
to ambient type (after Chafe 1970). Other examples are listed in sec
2.4.1.7. itself.
3.2.2. Most of the above clauses consist only of a subject,
a verb and object and indirect object in some cases. A main (independent) clause can consist
besides the above elements, also adverb phrases, more than one higher Noun
phrases. All these are illustrated in
the section on simple sentences (sec 3.3.3).
3.2.2.1. Indefinite negative pronouns :
Indefinite negative pronouns are obtained in clausal
structure. As in Konyak negatives
form part of the VP, these are also formed accordingly. That is, an indefinite negative pronoun like
‘nobody/no one’ is formed like this-the positive form of the corresponding form
eácàpa ‘anyone’ is shorted to càò and the negative marker yɨ is added to the
verb. So the construction is
discontinuous one, eg. :
iman cà-ò tayne yɨtəm ‘none of them to-go were
1 2 3 4 2
1 3
ready’
4
təwtoy əwo yɨ lɨŋne
ók lək ‘nobody
can do that work’
1 2 3 2
3 1
əwo
e ŋàw yɨcay ‘no one listens(to) his
word(s)’
Similarly,
təw
kaye həŋo yɨŋay ‘nothing
came out of it’
1 2 3 2 3 1
Similarly
regarding location, eg.:
əmpume…
yɨ : as in –
eə
təw əmpume yɨtəw ‘he
found it nowhere’
1
2 3 4 1
4 2 3
3.2.2.2. As stated at the beginning of this
section, clause can be dependent when the verb belongs to non-finite type. The dependent clauses are always embedded in
the main clause. In Konyak the main
structure is the following – S(DO) (IO) P.
The dependent clause is embedded in
the main clause. It can be placed before
the predicate as in – the dependent clause ha?ne ‘to eat’ (infinitive)
is embedded in the main clause.
eə
pəy ‘he
came’
1 2 1
2
The resultant clause is
eə
ha?ne pəy ‘he came
to eat’
1
2 3 1
3 2
Similarly :
Ka?talannə phawte phawyən mòk
toyne tay
1 2 3 4
5
‘people to hunt forest animals went
to the forest’
1 4 3 5 2
Here
phaw yənook toyne ‘to hunt forest animals’ is the infinitive
phrase
eə
ha?yaŋe tay yáŋki ‘he went after eating’
1
2 3 1
3 2
Hwew
ha?yáŋe is the participle
phrase.