3.3.4.2. Reflexivization
Reflexivization is a process by which two NPs in a clause are
co-referentially related. An explicity
reflexive sentence is one in which the identity of subject and object is
overtly marked.
Konyak has a set of reflexie pronouns distinguished for
person and number. Here regular personal
pronouns join together with the reflexive bound marker to constitute reflexive
pronouns. Besides the personal pronouns
another element yoy* ‘self’ is also used in exclusive distribution with
personal pronouns. The reflexive marker ñiŋ
is optionally
reduplicated. Also in a reflexive
construction te the goal case
marker obligatorily occurs with the reflexive marker.
Reflexivization takes place, when NP1 – NP2
are co-referential as in –
eə kònàŋ ‘he
cuts’
NP1VP
eə eñɨŋñɨŋte kònàŋ ‘he cuts himself’
NP1 NP2 VP
Here NP1 and NP2 are
coreferential. The rule can be written
as ?
NP1 x VP = NP1
– NP2 – V :
1
2 3 1 2
3
1) Where 1 and 2
are coreferential ; and
2) 1 and 2 are in
the same clause,
Similarly :
yaə yoyñɨŋñɨŋte təwtoyme ñəw
1 2 3 4
‘she saw herself in the mirror’
1 4
2 3
təwə eñɨŋñɨŋte toy
1 2 3
‘I killed myself’
1 3
2
It is also possible to delete the
reflexive marker ñiŋ , eg. :
yaə yoyte sət ‘she hit herself’
təwə yoyte mət ‘I cut myself’
1 2
3 1 3
2
iman ñɨŋñɨŋte lɨŋ
‘they themselves did’
1 2 3 1
2 3
-----------------
*yoy occurs only in 2nd and 3rd
persons.
Here neither personal pronouns nor you are used.
When the coreferential condition is not fulfilled, then
the reflexive markers convey a sense of emphasis, eg. :
eə yoyñɨŋ ñɨŋte pu toy ‘he killed the snake
himself’
1 2 3 4 1
4 3 2
ya ñɨŋñɨŋte ñɨt phəy pelek taŋnàŋ
1 2 3
4 5 6
‘she cuts the fruit herself with the knife’
1 6 5 2
4 3
3.3.4.3. Causativization
The regular productive causative constructions are obtained by using
auxiliary verbs 1. təm ‘make’ or ŋay ‘cause happen’. They occur after the main verb. In causative construction the main verb
occurs in non-finite form with or without the infinitive marker. So the causative constructions are obtained
in this way – in case of intransitive construction becoming causative, first
the causer NP is added and then the main intransitive verb becomes infinitive
verb and then the causative verb is added as the main verb. So the rule is:
1) First and
NP causer.
2) move the
verb to infinitive position, and
3) and
causative verb təm/ŋay.
4) Nom. Case
changes to adjective (case).
X1 – NP2 – VP = NP1 – NP2
– Infv - təm/ŋay
1 2
3 1 2 3 4
x - kowəypoŋ (ə) phətnàŋ ‘horse runs’
NP1
NP2 VP
təwə koəwəypoŋ phətne təm ‘I make the horse to run’
NP1
NP2 Inf.v caus. 1
4 2 3
1 2 3 4
It may also be noted here that in the intransitive the
subject is in nominative case; and when it changes to causative construction it
becomes the object.
In case of transitive constructions also the same rule
applys, eg. :
Transitive: eə
əwtoycà ha?nàŋ ‘he eats a mango’
1
2 3
1 3 2
Causative: təwə e əwtoycà ha?ne təm
1
2 3 4 5
‘I make him eat a mango’
1
5 2 4
3
Here as can be observed the four changes listed above
take place, namely.
1) Subject of
transitive becomes the object in causative;
2) causer subject is added in
causative; 3) the transitive verb moves to infinitive
position and takes marker ne (which is optional); and 4)
causative verb təm is added after the infinitive verb.
3.3.4.4. Passivization
In Konyak there is no morphological marked passive. But passive constructions are obtained in
this way :
T. Rule : NP1
- ə - NP2 – V = NP2 - ə - NP1 a – V.
‘active’ ‘passive’
In the process of passivization, the position of NP1
and NP2 change. The
underlying subject (NP1) takes the underlying object position and
the instrumental case marker also. The
underlying object takes the subject position and the subject marker.